A series of coordinated cyberattacks by a pro-Russian coalition has left South Korea’s web infrastructure reeling this month, after politically motivated hacktivists across the world banded together to oppose Seoul’s support for Ukraine.

The campaign came to light in South Korea after the pro-Russian hacktivist collective NoName057(16) took down the websites of the defense ministry and other government agencies, though initially it was unclear whether North Korea or Russia was behind the attacks.