{"id":2207578,"date":"2024-12-19T14:46:49","date_gmt":"2024-12-19T05:46:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2207578"},"modified":"2024-12-20T17:23:44","modified_gmt":"2024-12-20T08:23:44","slug":"misinformation-in-south-korea-soars-during-and-after-martial-law-declaration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2024\/12\/misinformation-in-south-korea-soars-during-and-after-martial-law-declaration\/","title":{"rendered":"Misinformation in South Korea soars during and after martial law declaration"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tanks rolling down the street. Innocent citizens and opposition politicians being arrested in the middle of the night. \u201cAssassination squads\u201d targeting prominent progressive voices.<\/span><\/p>\n

These were a few of the rumors and unverified claims flying around after the now-suspended President Yoon Suk-yeol\u2019s surprise martial law declaration on Dec. 3, as chaos and confusion briefly took hold of South Korea.<\/span><\/p>\n

Most of these fears were dispelled quickly, but in the wake of Yoon\u2019s controversial move, politicians and news outlets kept circulating unverified claims about the fast-changing situation.<\/span><\/p>\n

These wild rumors highlight the dangers of <\/span>misinformation in South Korea<\/span><\/a> \u2014 a country where high levels of education and digital exposure have done little to improve people\u2019s ability to verify the dubious claims that often sweep through political echo chambers.<\/span><\/p>\n

These systemic challenges persist due to citizens\u2019 <\/span>disillusionment<\/span><\/a> after decades of media collusion with politicians and the government\u2019s efforts to hinder verification platforms, but experts noted that the speed with which many South Koreans debunked such false claims bodes well for the country\u2019s battle with misinformation.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

South Korean citizens stop an armored vehicle from proceeding to the National Assembly, Dec. 4, 2024 | Image: Wikimedia Commons (CC0 1.0<\/a>)<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

RUMORS RUN WILD<\/b><\/p>\n

In the hours following Yoon\u2019s martial law declaration, social media and news reports played a critical role in keeping South Korea and the rest of the world up to date on the fast-moving situation.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, amid the flurry of news, some wild rumors and conspiracy theories also began to flow.<\/span><\/p>\n

Images of <\/span>armored vehicles<\/span><\/a> driving through the streets of Seoul spread like wildfire through social media platforms and messaging apps, sparking fears of a return to authoritarian rule not seen in South Korea since the 1980s.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, some users quickly <\/span>dispelled<\/span><\/a> these concerns by pointing out that the pictures depicting the armored vehicles featured a convenience store that no longer exists and trees bearing green leaves even though Yoon\u2019s martial law declaration occurred during the middle of winter.<\/span><\/p>\n

Chatrooms also spread <\/span>rumors<\/span><\/a> that the government would impose a curfew, warning that anyone caught outdoors after 11 p.m. would be searched and arrested.<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>decree<\/span><\/a> that Martial Law Commander Park An-su issued shortly after Yoon made his declaration stated that troops would arrest, detain and search people who violated martial law without warrants.<\/span><\/p>\n

Meanwhile, others on social media falsely claimed arrest teams would be deployed to the National Assembly to prevent lawmakers from voting to nullify Yoon\u2019s martial law, while far-right conspiracy theorists on YouTube repeated their false claims of <\/span>election fraud<\/span><\/a> as justification for Yoon\u2019s declaration.<\/span><\/p>\n

A more unusual <\/span>conspiracy theory<\/span><\/a> that appeared on online forums stated that the date and time of Yoon\u2019s declaration, when written in the Chinese script, resembled the character for \u201cking.\u201d (\u738b)\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The suspended president infamously <\/span>bore the same symbol<\/span><\/a> on his hand during a TV debate before his election, sparking concerns about his apparent belief in shamanism.<\/span><\/p>\n

For Yoon Kyung-hoe, a former team leader of the May 18 Truth Commission, the night Yoon declared martial law brought back unpleasant memories of South Korea\u2019s past military dictatorship\u2019s \u201cmanipulation\u201d of public sentiment to disrupt pro-democracy protests in the early 1980s.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDuring the \u2018Spring of Seoul,\u2019 when there was public opposition to military rule, they created a narrative of chaos, often using plainclothes agents to stir confusion and disorder,\u201d she told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

She expressed concern that the government could do the same thing again.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Members the of Democratic Party, including floor leader Park Chan-dae (left) and party leader Lee Jae-myung (right) meet at\u00a0 the National Assembly, Dec. 5, 2024 | Image: Democratic Party<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

PRE-IMPEACHMENT CLAIMS<\/b><\/p>\n

Relative calm returned after Yoon withdrew martial law following the legislature\u2019s vote, but false claims still appeared online amid the ongoing confusion as different sides pushed their own agendas ahead of his impeachment.<\/span><\/p>\n

A photo shared on Facebook <\/span>claimed<\/span><\/a> the New York Times profiled People Power Party (PPP) leader Han Dong-hoon \u2014 one of Yoon\u2019s most vocal critics within his own party \u2014 as the \u201cKennedy of South Korea\u201d and the frontrunner to become the next president.<\/span><\/p>\n

The photo was digitally altered.<\/span><\/p>\n

Moreover, the conservative <\/span>Kookmin Ilbo<\/span><\/i> newspaper published an article, seemingly by accident, claiming North Korean leader Kim Jong Un saw no need to attack South Korea after Yoon\u2019s actions on Dec. 3. The newspaper swiftly deleted the article, but <\/span>aggregators<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>social media<\/span><\/a> continued to share the story as though it were real.<\/span><\/p>\n

Opposition lawmakers<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>human rights activists<\/span><\/a> also made unsubstantiated claims that Yoon planned to declare martial law a second time, while broadcaster Kim Ou-joon claimed without proof that he had received a tip alleging the deployment of assassination squads, rather than standard arrest squads, during the Dec. 3 martial law preparations.<\/span><\/p>\n

On <\/span>Dec. 13<\/span><\/a>, Kim testified during a National Assembly hearing about alleged plans to assassinate Han Dong-hoon after his arrest.<\/span><\/p>\n

He added that the plans included staging fake attacks on prominent progressive figures such as former Reform Korea Party leader Cho Kuk and former Democratic Party (DP) strategist Yang Jeong-cheol, which would then be blamed on North Korea.<\/span><\/p>\n

Citing \u201ca friendly nation with an embassy in South Korea,\u201d Kim further alleged that additional plots involved killing U.S. soldiers to provoke American retaliation against North Korea, and deploying North Korean drones armed with weapons to destabilize the Korean Peninsula.<\/span><\/p>\n

The DP <\/span>reportedly<\/span><\/a> concluded that Kim\u2019s claims are largely unsubstantiated, with an internal party review labeling the allegations a mixture of partial truths and significant fabrications.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThey seem to have been constructed by someone with limited historical knowledge, mixing verified facts with considerable fictional elements,\u201d the review said, arguing that none of the events cited by Kim took place before Yoon\u2019s declaration.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

South Korean citizens protest calling for Yoon’s impeachment, Dec. 14, 2024 | Image: Korea Pro<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

DANGERS OF MISINFORMATION<\/b><\/p>\n

The frenzied early hours of martial law and the constant back-and-forth claims from politicians and media reports over the next 11 days highlighted the chaos that arises in times of crises.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe most notable problem is that misinformation makes it difficult to judge the circumstances accurately and adequately,\u201d Yejin Gim, a freelance reporter who previously worked at the Seoul National University (SNU) FactCheck Center, told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gim acknowledged social media\u2019s role in accelerating the spread of misinformation in South Korea, but said traditional media must reflect on its role in eroding people\u2019s trust over the years.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDue to the media cartel and some news outlets\u2019 close relationship with the government and politicians in the nation, most people, regardless of their political stance, don\u2019t trust what news outlets report,\u201d she said.<\/span><\/p>\n

She added that South Korea\u2019s public education system has failed to instill media literacy in citizens of all ages, making it much more difficult to critically evaluate information.<\/span><\/p>\n

Studies<\/span><\/a> show that only a third of South Koreans feel confident in their ability to identify false narratives, and the verification challenge has only grown since SNU FactCheck Center <\/span>shut down<\/span><\/a> this year.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gim stated that the Yoon administration repeatedly pressured Naver \u2014 South Korea\u2019s leading web portal \u2014 to <\/span>cut funding<\/span><\/a> for South Korea\u2019s only domestic fact-checking service over false claims that it was \u201ctoo left-oriented,\u201d despite the suspended president\u2019s own rhetoric of waging a war against \u201cfake news.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Even with the persistent issues with verification in South Korea, Rhee Jong-hoon, a lead consultant for Politics and Business Consulting, told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> that the situation is improving as many people cross-check news across multiple sources nowadays, as seen with the speedy debunking of the martial law-related rumors.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNowadays, live news can also be watched in real time on smartphones, so people don\u2019t seem to be easily swayed or misled by fake news like they might have been in the past,\u201d he said, noting that technological advances such as real-time updates on smartphones make this process quicker and more accessible.<\/span><\/p>\n

Despite this growing tendency to verify information, Rhee acknowledged that some groups at the most extreme ends of the political spectrum remain vulnerable to misinformation due to confirmation bias.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere are people who fully believe claims about election fraud or other theories spread by certain YouTubers or on other social media platforms,\u201d he said. \u201cThis also applies to some individuals on the progressive side.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

In an increasingly polarized South Korean society, Gim said politicians like Yoon and former PPP leader Lee Jun-seok exacerbated the misinformation problem by using \u201cdiscrimination to unite their supporters.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTheir strategy was to gain votes from those who believed there was massive reverse discrimination against the powerful,\u201d she said. \u201cThis pattern continues today, and their persistent spread of misinformation to maintain authority has accelerated the current situation.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Ultimately, the dangers of martial law-fueled misinformation go beyond the political divides that have long characterized South Korean society, according to Gim.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019ve seen many people try to frame the martial law crisis as a factional fight, but I reject all attempts to frame it this way,\u201d she said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s not about one\u2019s political stance: It\u2019s about dictatorship versus democracy.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Culture & Society<\/span><\/a>Domestic Politics<\/span><\/a>Technology & Cyber<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tanks rolling down the street. Innocent citizens and opposition politicians being arrested in the middle of the night. \u201cAssassination squads\u201d targeting prominent progressive voices. 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