{"id":2207213,"date":"2024-11-20T17:33:13","date_gmt":"2024-11-20T08:33:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2207213"},"modified":"2024-11-21T16:14:11","modified_gmt":"2024-11-21T07:14:11","slug":"employment-for-married-south-korean-women-hits-record-but-devil-is-in-details","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2024\/11\/employment-for-married-south-korean-women-hits-record-but-devil-is-in-details\/","title":{"rendered":"Employment for married South Korean women hits record but Devil is in details"},"content":{"rendered":"

The South Korean government on Tuesday reported record-high employment rates for married women, with\u00a0officials<\/a> and media<\/a> outlets<\/a> crediting the increase to the Yoon Suk-yeol administration\u2019s recent birth rate and childcare policies. Employment among married women aged 15 to 54 reached 66%, a 1.7 percentage point rise from last year.<\/p>\n

However, those figures<\/a> belie a more nuanced reality. While the employment rate for women with children has generally increased, mothers with children under six remain less likely to work, and over one in five women with underage children report significant career disruption.<\/p>\n

This reality highlights the need for a deeper examination of the underlying factors, from economic pressures to structural inequalities, that contribute to these outcomes.<\/p>\n

DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS<\/strong><\/p>\n

The increase in married women\u2019s employment rates coincides with notable demographic shifts. Over the past year, the number of married women decreased by 290,000 due to delayed marriages and declining marriage rates, while the number of employed women with minor children rose by 58,000.<\/p>\n

These trends may have contributed to the higher employment percentage, even though there may not have been significant improvements in employment conditions for South Korean women.<\/p>\n

Moreover, employment rates continue to vary considerably by age. For women in their early 30s, the rate is 56%, rising steadily to nearly 69% for those in their 50s. Broken down further, the employment rate for mothers with young children is 56% while those with teenagers have seen their employment rate rise to 69%.<\/p>\n

These figures reflect a mix of factors, such as financial necessity, accumulated work experience and reduced caregiving demands as children grow older. They also highlight the challenges women face during the early years of parenting, when caregiving demands are highest.<\/p>\n

However, the overall data does not definitively pinpoint which factor predominates.<\/p>\n

\"\"

A child walks with her mother in downtown Seoul | Image: Korea Pro<\/p><\/div>\n

ECONOMIC PRESSURES DRIVE DECISIONS<\/b><\/p>\n

Economic pressures are likely a key driver behind rising employment rates. Statistics Korea <\/span>revealed<\/span><\/a> a record-high number of dual income families in 2023, with married couples in their 30s representing the majority. This trend aligns with <\/span>Bank of Korea<\/span><\/a> data showing that women\u2019s employment rose 1.8 percentage points between Jan. 2020 and April 2023, compared to a 0.3 percentage point increase for men.<\/span><\/p>\n

Various <\/span>analyses<\/span><\/a> from<\/span><\/a> the<\/span><\/a> same period indicated that economic factors play a key role in influencing women\u2019s decision to start families and\/or re-enter the workforce.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The concentration of women in industries such as healthcare (468,000), education (403,000) and wholesale\/retail (345,000) suggests that these sectors provide accessible entry points for mothers rejoining the workforce.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, such roles often come with trade-offs, such as lower wages and limited career advancement opportunities. This trend points to the likelihood that economic necessity, rather than career ambition, is shaping many employment decisions.<\/span><\/p>\n

EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS AND STRUCTURAL INEQUALITIES<\/b><\/p>\n

Tuesday\u2019s data reveals both positive and concerning patterns in women\u2019s workforce participation. On the one hand, workplace flexibility appears to be improving in some areas, enabling more mothers to balance caregiving and employment. On the other hand, reduced working hours among employed mothers suggest ongoing structural constraints.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mothers with children older than six worked an average of 35.3 hours per week, down 0.4 hours from last year, while mothers with children under six worked even fewer hours, averaging 32 hours per week. These reductions could reflect greater availability of part-time roles, but they may also signal limited options for full-time employment.<\/span><\/p>\n

Such arrangements, while offering flexibility, often come at the cost of career progression. Reduced working hours can result in fewer promotion opportunities, exacerbating the gender wage gap and limiting the long-term economic potential of women\u2019s participation in the workforce.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

South Korean children at the HD Hyundai’s daycare center in Seongnam, Gyeonggi Province | Image: ROK Presidential Office, June 2024<\/p><\/div>\n

WORKPLACE INEQUALITY PERSISTS<\/b><\/p>\n

Despite rising employment rates, career disruptions remain a significant issue for South Korean mothers. More than 41% of women who leave the workforce due to childbirth or caregiving remain out for over 10 years, while another 22.8% stay out for five to 10 years. Only 12.6% return to work within a year, according to Tuesday\u2019s data.<\/span><\/p>\n

The impact of these disruptions is amplified by discriminatory workplace practices. Nearly 40% of companies with more than 300 employees admit to disadvantageing leave-takers in promotions, with smaller firms reporting even higher rates. Many companies exclude parental leave periods from promotion calculations, further discouraging women from taking time off for family responsibilities.<\/span><\/p>\n

The effects of these policies are evident in Tuesday\u2019s data, with career disruption disproportionately affecting mothers between 35 and 44 \u2014 key years for career advancement. Without structural reforms, these challenges will continue to undermine women\u2019s professional growth.<\/span><\/p>\n

POLICY IMPACTS: MIXED RESULTS<\/b><\/p>\n

Government officials have emphasized cash support and leave policies, but Tuesday\u2019s data suggests the need for more comprehensive reforms that will address businesses\u2019 hiring practices and career advancement pathways.<\/span><\/p>\n

While the year-over-year employment rate increase of 3.3 percentage points among mothers with children under six is notable, this group also saw the largest reduction in working hours. These mixed signals point to the limitations of current policies in addressing deeper structural and cultural issues that force women to choose between raising their families and pursuing their careers.<\/span><\/p>\n

The employment patterns revealed in the data highlight a range of underlying trends. On the positive side, increased workplace flexibility may have made it easier for some mothers to re-enter the workforce. However, economic pressures appear to be driving many women into lower-paying roles, often at the expense of career advancement opportunities.<\/span><\/p>\n

These trends therefore suggest that it may be premature to credit the government\u2019s birth rate and childcare policies for the employment increase.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

An illustration of a woman torn between the demands of parenting and her career | Image: Korea Pro<\/p><\/div>\n

THE NEED FOR STRUCTURAL REFORMS<\/b><\/p>\n

The persistent employment gap between mothers of young children and those with teenagers highlights the importance of addressing workplace inequalities during early parenting years. While flexible work arrangements and part-time roles provide short-term solutions, they do little to resolve long-term barriers to career progression.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuesday\u2019s data shows that employment rates for women dip during the years when many of them traditionally advance into management roles (mid-to-late 30s). This suggests that even as employers offer more flexibility, promotion pathways have not adapted to meet the needs of working parents.<\/span><\/p>\n

Three key areas for reform stand out: implementing flexible work arrangements that do not penalize career advancement, protecting promotion pathways during family formation years and transforming workplace cultures to better accommodate the needs of both mothers and fathers \u2014 particularly those with minor children.<\/span><\/p>\n

The data suggests smaller businesses may need more targeted government support for such reforms to be successful. For instance, small businesses\u2019 tendency to nix promotions may reflect operational and budgetary constraints, especially as employees who take parental leave may have a disproportionate impact on those businesses\u2019 smaller staff numbers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Employees of small businesses may have more equal opportunities for professional growth and the businesses themselves may have an easier time maintaining their operations if the government provides increased public funding to businesses that allow employees to take advantage of parental leave policies.<\/span><\/p>\n

PROGRESS WITH LIMITATIONS<\/b><\/p>\n

The record-high employment rate among married women represents a positive step forward, but it also highlights the limitations of current policies. Economic pressures, demographic shifts and structural workplace inequalities remain significant barriers to achieving true gender equality in South Korea\u2019s workforce.<\/span><\/p>\n

To build on these gains, policymakers will likely need to go beyond financial incentives and leave benefits, focusing instead on structural reforms that address the root causes of career disruption. Without such changes, rising employment rates risk masking deeper systemic challenges that continue to hinder women\u2019s full participation in the labor market.<\/span><\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Business & Economy<\/span><\/a>Culture & Society<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The South Korean government on Tuesday reported record-high employment rates for married women, with\u00a0officials and media outlets crediting the increase to the Yoon Suk-yeol administration\u2019s recent birth rate and childcare policies. Employment among married women aged 15 to 54 reached 66%, a 1.7 percentage point rise from last year. 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