{"id":2206537,"date":"2024-09-19T15:54:52","date_gmt":"2024-09-19T06:54:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2206537"},"modified":"2024-09-20T16:08:30","modified_gmt":"2024-09-20T07:08:30","slug":"homelessness-in-south-korea-remains-underreported-and-under-supported","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2024\/09\/homelessness-in-south-korea-remains-underreported-and-under-supported\/","title":{"rendered":"Homelessness in South Korea remains underreported and under-supported"},"content":{"rendered":"

Seoul will become the first Asian city to host the men\u2019s soccer <\/span>Homeless World Cup<\/span><\/a> this week, drawing attention to the challenges South Korea\u2019s homeless population often faces.<\/span><\/p>\n

While homelessness is spotlighted through such <\/span>events<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>films<\/span><\/a>, many South Koreans remain unaware of the deep-seated issues confronting the homeless, who frequently experience social stigma and exclusion.<\/span><\/p>\n

Government data indicates a steady decline in homelessness, but activists and researchers argue that these figures obscure more critical problems, such as the difficulty of accessing housing and essential services.<\/span><\/p>\n

Surveys identify unemployment, business failures and family breakdowns as the leading causes of homelessness, with economic downturns, a housing crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbating the issue in recent years.<\/span><\/p>\n

One contributing factor is South Korea\u2019s narrow definition of homelessness, which restricts who qualifies for government support.<\/span><\/p>\n

Experts contend that a broader focus is needed, emphasizing quality of life improvements rather than simply reducing homelessness statistics.<\/span><\/p>\n

FALLING SHORT<\/b><\/p>\n

South Korea\u2019s estimates of its homeless population suggest the issue is relatively limited, but this impression is partly due to the restrictive definition of homelessness and issues with representation.<\/span><\/p>\n

A 2021 <\/span>survey<\/span><\/a> by South Korea\u2019s health ministry reported there were fewer than 9,000 homeless people in the country, a 21% reduction from the previous survey five years earlier. When also including people living in boarding houses for the homeless, the figure increased to about 14,400.<\/span><\/p>\n

Overall, the survey indicated a steady improvement over the preceding decade, with the government reporting over 20,000 homeless individuals in 2011.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, Lim Se-hee, a social welfare professor at Seoul Cyber University, told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> that South Korea\u2019s current approach to homelessness does not cover the entire affected population. She noted that vulnerable groups continue to face significant challenges, with current policies falling short of addressing their needs.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWomen and those with chronic mental illnesses are particularly vulnerable,\u201d Lim said. \u201cThey require more intensive, individualized support, which is currently lacking.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Lim added that women face a severe shortage of appropriate facilities. In Seoul, only one shelter offers mid-to-long-term accommodation for women, and the predominantly male environment in most facilities often forces women onto the streets, where they face greater dangers.<\/span><\/p>\n

For those with mental health issues, adapting to provided housing presents its own challenges. Even when adequate housing is available, mental health conditions frequently lead to conflicts within shelters and with social workers, according to Lim.<\/span><\/p>\n

A <\/span>June 2024<\/span><\/a> survey by the nonprofit Homeless Action revealed that most respondents became homeless after the 2000s, with relatively few linking their situation to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. This suggests that deeper structural issues within South Korea have contributed to homelessness over the years.<\/span><\/p>\n

Notably, one-third of respondents reported becoming homeless for the first time after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

A homeless person sits on the side of an alleyway in downtown Seoul, July 25, 2024 | Image: Korea Pro<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

SCALE AND DEFINITION<\/b><\/p>\n

A significant challenge in estimating the scale of homelessness in South Korea stems from the country\u2019s limited definition of the term.<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>Homeless Welfare Act<\/span><\/a> categorizes homelessness into three categories: those without a permanent residence for an extended period, those living in shelters or similar facilities for a significant duration and individuals in substandard or inadequate housing for a prolonged period.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe definition of homelessness in South Korea may not be a major issue, but its practical application in policy is a crucial issue,\u201d Lim Deokyoung, a research fellow at the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (KIHASA), told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lim pointed out that the Homeless Welfare Act\u2019s third category \u2014 substandard or inadequate housing \u2014 is often subject to broad interpretation. Despite minimum housing standards, the law narrowly focuses on individuals living in \u201cjjokbang\u201d (subdivided one-room apartments).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s not a problem with the legal provisions themselves, but the issue lies in how narrowly the welfare ministry has defined the target population,\u201d Lim said.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lim cited the European Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion (<\/span>ETHOS<\/span><\/a>) as a more comprehensive model for defining homelessness.<\/span><\/p>\n

ETHOS categorizes homelessness into four groups: rooflessness (street living or emergency shelters), houselessness (temporary accommodations), insecure housing (risk of eviction or violence) and inadequate housing (unfit or overcrowded conditions).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

A homeless person near Seoul Station, July 25, 2024 | Image: Korea Pro<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

INADEQUATE SUPPORT SYSTEMS<\/b><\/p>\n

South Korea implements various programs to prevent homelessness and assist its homeless population, with much of the strategy falling under the Comprehensive Plan for Welfare and Self-reliance of the Homeless.<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>first five-year plan<\/span><\/a>, launched in 2016, aimed to identify high-risk households, improve street outreach, expand housing support, improve healthcare access and promote self-sufficiency through job initiatives, among other goals.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, the <\/span>second plan<\/span><\/a>, introduced in 2021, highlighted several challenges that arose from the initial scheme, including regional disparities in support systems, lack of coordination between ministries and the negative impact of COVID-19 on employment and healthcare access.<\/span><\/p>\n

To address these issues, the current plan emphasizes \u201ccollaborative governance\u201d to improve coordination and reduce regional disparity.<\/span><\/p>\n

Despite these efforts, questions remain regarding the effectiveness of these programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Seoul Cyber University\u2019s Lim noted that while previous housing support measures helped reduce homelessness, vulnerable groups such as women and people with mental illness continue to lack access to essential facilities.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe current administration has not expanded on previous homeless support policies. Instead, it has focused on removing homeless individuals from public spaces,\u201d Lim said, arguing that the government often views this option as the most convenient one.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lim highlighted that the government\u2019s approach does not account for the changing nature of homelessness.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re dealing with a smaller but more vulnerable population that requires more resources, not less,\u201d she said.<\/span><\/p>\n

Moreover, the <\/span>ongoing heat wave<\/span><\/a> has exacerbated these challenges, with evictions from underground spaces, such as subway stations, directly threatening the safety of homeless individuals.<\/span><\/p>\n

South Korea\u2019s <\/span>Railroad Safety Act<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>Minor Offenses Act<\/span><\/a> prohibit sleeping in stations and penalize begging, both of which Homeless Action has criticized as unfairly targeting the homeless population.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

A homeless person sleeps on the floor of an underground subway station in downtown Seoul, July 25, 2024 | Image: Korea Pro<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

ADDRESSING SYSTEMIC BARRIERS<\/b><\/p>\n

Homeless Action has recommended a \u201chousing first\u201d strategy, similar to <\/span>Finland\u2019s model<\/span><\/a>, which reduced the European country\u2019s homeless population by 72% between 2008 and 2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

The nonprofit group argues that the <\/span>Housing Act<\/span><\/a> should explicitly recognize homeless people as a group requiring housing support, and the Homeless Welfare Act should prioritize independent housing provisions.<\/span><\/p>\n

Homeless Action also advocates expanding the supply of public rental housing, with a target of at least 15% reserved for homeless individuals and calls for making temporary housing support mandatory rather than discretionary.<\/span><\/p>\n

Additionally, it supports improving support programs to provide greater access to essential services such as stable employment, public meal facilities and healthcare.<\/span><\/p>\n

Homeless individuals and activists are urging South Korean society to confront and mitigate social prejudice against the homeless community, according to a Homeless Action <\/span>report<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cPay more attention to the homeless and don\u2019t think badly of them. Please be considerate and understand that no one wants to be homeless,\u201d one homeless individual said.<\/span><\/p>\n

Homeless Action researchers suggested to <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> that legislative measures are necessary to reduce societal discrimination against the homeless.<\/span><\/p>\n

They call for the inclusion of non-discrimination clauses in the Homeless Welfare Act, which would prohibit discrimination based on gender, age, disability, illness, mental health conditions or substance use when providing welfare services.<\/span><\/p>\n

Researchers also highlight the need to eliminate laws that criminalize homelessness, arguing that such provisions worsen the challenges faced by homeless individuals and perpetuate stigma and marginalization.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lim of Seoul Cyber University agreed, stressing the importance of targeted, compassionate policies for South Korea\u2019s homeless population.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lim noted that new approaches, such as facilities that offer both safety and personal freedom, could make a significant impact. However, such solutions have yet to be implemented.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe challenge lies in addressing not just the quantity, but the quality of support for the country\u2019s most vulnerable homeless individuals,\u201d she said.<\/span><\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Business & Economy<\/span><\/a>Culture & Society<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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