{"id":2206452,"date":"2024-09-12T15:11:22","date_gmt":"2024-09-12T06:11:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2206452"},"modified":"2024-09-12T15:11:22","modified_gmt":"2024-09-12T06:11:22","slug":"artificial-intelligence-takes-center-stage-in-south-koreas-defense-strategy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2024\/09\/artificial-intelligence-takes-center-stage-in-south-koreas-defense-strategy\/","title":{"rendered":"Artificial intelligence takes center stage in South Korea\u2019s defense strategy"},"content":{"rendered":"

South Korea is planning to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) into its military operations to counter the country\u2019s shrinking and aging demographic trend while enhancing its defense capabilities against North Korean threats. However, it remains to be seen if embracing AI will truly transform the country\u2019s military into a much more effective fighting force.<\/span><\/p>\n

PUSH FOR MILITARY AI<\/b><\/p>\n

The South Korean defense ministry is developing AI-based technologies in collaboration with private defense firms as part of the country\u2019s <\/span>Defense Innovation 4.0<\/span><\/a> project. These systems are currently undergoing testing at general outposts (GOPs) and guard posts (GPs) in the ROK Army\u2019s 5th Division.<\/span><\/p>\n

The choice of the 5th Division for these tests is strategic, as its location along the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) provides an ideal environment for AI learning and data collection due to its varied terrain, which includes mountainous and flat areas.<\/span><\/p>\n

South Korea established the Defense AI Center in April to spearhead military AI research. The center\u2019s primary focus is to support the adoption of AI technologies and develop AI-based battlefield awareness technologies and manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) systems.<\/span><\/p>\n

A cornerstone of the Defense Innovation 4.0 project is the Kill Web framework, an AI enhancement of the existing Kill Chain concept for countering North Korean missile threats.<\/span><\/p>\n

While the Kill Chain focused on preemptive strikes against imminent North Korean threats, the Kill Web aims to provide a more comprehensive, real-time situational awareness and coordination throughout all stages of relevant operations, potentially improving response times and decision-making processes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Major South Korean defense firms are also engaged in military AI development. Hanwha Systems announced plans in <\/span>2020<\/span><\/a> to develop South Korea\u2019s first AI-driven defense command and control service, offering commanders tailored operational strategies based on AI-processed data.<\/span><\/p>\n

Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) is also making strides in this field, <\/span>showcasing<\/span><\/a> AI-centric advanced aerospace technologies at the 2024 Responsible AI in the Military Domain conference. Their exhibition included AI-pilot-based unmanned systems, unmanned combat aerial vehicles, and AI pilot technology that will be used to enhance MUM-T capabilities.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

From left: South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol looks at real-time frontline monitoring systems during a visit to a 5th Infantry Division Outpost on Dec. 28, 2023, Admiral Kim Myung-soo, chairman of the ROK Joint Chiefs of Staff, inspects frontline border fences at a GOP on the eastern front of the DMZ in Nov. 2023 | Image: ROK Presidential Office<\/a>, ROK Joint Chiefs of Staff via Facebook<\/a>, edited by Korea Pro<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

SURVEILLANCE AI SYSTEMS<\/b><\/p>\n

The South Korean military has stated that it intends to maintain a force of 500,000 troops, but demographic projections suggest this goal will become increasingly challenging in the coming years. Reports estimate that the number of available personnel will drop sharply by <\/span>2041<\/span><\/a>, necessitating alternative solutions to maintain border security along the DMZ.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shin Seung-ki, a senior analyst at the Korea Institute for Defense Analyses (KIDA), told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> that frontline AI surveillance could significantly reduce the number of troops needed to monitor the border.<\/span><\/p>\n

Currently, about <\/span>100,000 troops<\/span><\/a> \u2014 one-fifth of the total military force \u2014 are deployed to guard the border, representing a substantial allocation of manpower that could be optimized through AI integration.<\/span><\/p>\n

In <\/span>January<\/span><\/a>, South Korea\u2019s Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) announced plans to deploy an advanced AI-powered border surveillance system at GOPs and GPs along the eastern front by the end of 2024. This system will incorporate cutting-edge technologies, including AI video analysis for human identification, thermal imaging and short-wave infrared technology.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The ROK Army\u2019s 5th Infantry Division, which began transitioning to AI-based surveillance in <\/span>2022<\/span><\/a>, serves as a testbed for these new technologies. The division has reportedly deployed mobile rail robot cameras that patrol fences and respond to alerts, foliage penetration radars and AI-equipped thermal observation devices that can distinguish between human and animal movement.<\/span><\/p>\n

Military authorities <\/span>believe<\/span><\/a> that incorporating AI into border surveillance operations could dramatically reduce manpower needs. They <\/span>project<\/span><\/a> that a company-sized unit of around 100 personnel could perform the duties currently handled by a battalion-sized unit of roughly 500 soldiers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Moreover, officials have <\/span>emphasized<\/span><\/a> that AI integration can enhance surveillance accuracy. A recent policy study showed that AI systems have a false alarm rate of just 1%, significantly boosting the reliability of the warning system compared to human-only surveillance.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Admiral Kim Myung-soo, chairman of the ROK Joint Chiefs of Staff inspects a K-6 machine gun during a visit to a GOP base on the eastern front of the DMZ in Nov. 2023, an illustration of AI coding (background) | Images: ROK Joint Chiefs of Staff via Facebook<\/a>, edited by Korea Pro<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

STRATEGIC ENHANCEMENT AND CHALLENGES<\/b><\/p>\n

Yang Uk, a military analyst at the Asan Institute for Policy Studies, highlighted that South Korea\u2019s focus on integrating AI into military surveillance was a \u201clogical starting point.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

He stated that AI\u2019s ability to improve object and pattern recognition through extensive data made it particularly effective in areas like the 5th Division, where a wealth of information was already available.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yang argued for a gradual integration of AI, starting with sectors where existing data could facilitate immediate, though basic, operational enhancements. This approach would allow for the development of AI systems tailored to South Korea\u2019s specific needs and operational environment.<\/span><\/p>\n

Choi Gi-il, a defense systems expert and professor at Sangji University\u2019s National Security Division, stressed the importance of continuously training frontline AI systems with newer data. He highlighted that this ongoing process is crucial for maximizing the AI\u2019s value as an auxiliary tool for command decisions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Shin of KIDA agreed with the urgency of adopting these technologies, noting that it was critical to swiftly implement AI solutions given the inevitable reductions in troop numbers. He explained that AI could enhance training by providing more realistic scenarios and improving situational awareness, thereby aiding combat personnel in making more informed decisions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIf the system meets military standards and passes evaluations, it could complement human surveillance, reducing errors caused by human fatigue or lapses in judgment,\u201d Shin said. He also elaborated on AI\u2019s potential to operate autonomously, which could offer commanders refined information, enabling faster and more accurate decision-making.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, experts also highlighted the need for a careful balance between AI capabilities and human oversight.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhile AI has the potential to significantly enhance military decision-making, retaining a human element in critical decisions \u2014 particularly in combat situations \u2014 remains essential,\u201d Choi of Sangji University said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

South Korean Foreign Minister Cho Tae-yul (center left) and Defense Minister Kim Yong-hyun at the REAIM Ministerial Summit in Seoul on Sep. 10, 2024 | Image: ROK Defense Ministry<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Experts note that South Korea\u2019s AI systems still lag behind those used by the U.S. and Israel due to limited administrative investment and reliance on conventional equipment and combat systems.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shin and Yang foresee that South Korea\u2019s military AI development will eventually extend beyond surveillance systems to be integrated into drones, missiles and other weapons technologies, improving targeting precision and allowing for more autonomous operations.<\/span><\/p>\n

South Korea\u2019s defense budget proposal for <\/span>2025<\/span><\/a> includes allocating $229.24 million (306.9 billion won) to establish AI-based manned and unmanned integrated combat systems. This is a significant increase from the $159.51 million (213.6 billion won) allocated to AI development in the country\u2019s <\/span>2024<\/span><\/a> defense budget.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, ethical considerations come to the forefront as South Korea advances its military AI capabilities. The development of autonomous weapons systems and AI-driven decision-making tools raises questions about accountability, the potential for unintended escalation, and the preservation of human dignity in warfare.<\/span><\/p>\n

Choi noted that South Korea should carefully consider ethical implications as it develops its own AI military capabilities, ensuring that any system implemented should be supplemental to human decision-making to avoid unnecessary casualties.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere is a need to establish and adhere to international ethical standards, regulations and protocols governing the use of autonomous military AI,\u201d he said.<\/span><\/p>\n

These ethical concerns mirror global debates on military AI use. For instance, <\/span>reports<\/span><\/a> on the Israeli Defense Forces\u2019 use of AI in operations against Hamas have highlighted the efficiency of such systems and the ethical dilemmas they present, particularly regarding the risk of civilian casualties when prioritizing speed over accuracy.<\/span><\/p>\n

While South Korea\u2019s push for military AI integration offers potential solutions to its demographic and security challenges, it raises important questions about the balance between technological advancement and ethical considerations in modern warfare.<\/span><\/p>\n

As South Korea advances its military AI capabilities, it must address a range of technical, strategic and ethical issues to ensure its modernization efforts meet national security requirements while adhering to international norms.<\/span><\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Defense & Security<\/span><\/a>Technology & Cyber<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

South Korea is planning to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) into its military operations to counter the country\u2019s shrinking and aging demographic trend while enhancing its defense capabilities against North Korean threats. However, it remains to be seen if embracing AI will truly transform the country\u2019s military into a much more effective fighting force. 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