{"id":2205471,"date":"2024-06-14T17:01:36","date_gmt":"2024-06-14T08:01:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2205471"},"modified":"2024-06-17T18:49:22","modified_gmt":"2024-06-17T09:49:22","slug":"south-koreas-deepfake-sex-crime-epidemic-exposes-lack-of-legal-protections","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2024\/06\/south-koreas-deepfake-sex-crime-epidemic-exposes-lack-of-legal-protections\/","title":{"rendered":"South Korea\u2019s deepfake sex crime epidemic exposes lack of legal protections"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ruma\u2019s nightmare began in 2021 when she joined Telegram, a cloud-based encrypted instant messaging service, to receive movie ticket alerts. The very next day, she received explicit images of her face superimposed onto pornographic material, accompanied by humiliating and degrading captions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI felt my hands and entire body start to shake,\u201d she said. \u201cI can\u2019t forget the images, no matter how hard I try.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMisogynistic phrases such as \u2018slut,\u2019 \u2018cock holder,\u2019 \u2018toilet,\u2019 synthesized onto my photos along with more photos of men\u2019s genitals overlaid on my face were indescribably disgusting,\u201d Ruma (a pseudonym) told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

She discovered that a separate room of 40 people on Telegram shared degrading images and messages of her, underscoring growing concerns about a new type of digital sexual crime using <\/span>deepfakes<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has fueled the spread of deepfake technology, which allows the digital manipulation of videos and images to represent individuals in ways they would not otherwise appear or act.<\/span><\/p>\n

Perpetrators misuse this technology to synthesize images of acquaintances or others, particularly women, into pornographic materials and distribute them without the victims\u2019 consent.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ruma\u2019s case is part of a nationwide story known as the \u201cSeoul National University (SNU) Deepfake Case\u201d or \u201c<\/span>SNU Nth Room<\/span><\/a>,\u201d referencing a <\/span>previous case<\/span><\/a> involving the spread of sexual exploitation videos on Telegram.<\/span><\/p>\n

The case, only made public this year, involves Seoul National University graduates who created and distributed illegal synthetic materials using photos of at least 61 confirmed female victims on Telegram since 2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

So far, only two SNU alums have been arrested.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Members of the Korea Women’s Hot Line put up signs in front of South Korea\u2019s Supreme Court after the court confirmed a 42-year prison sentence for Cho Ju-bin, a South Korean criminal who was convicted as part of the \u201cNth Room\u201d case, Oct. 14, 2021 | Korea Women’s Hot Line via Facebook<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

RISE OF DEEPFAKES<\/b><\/p>\n

Deepfake technology, which has been around for decades, <\/span>initially focused<\/span><\/a> on rudimentary approaches such as tweaking video footage to show a person mouthing along to different audio. As technology advances, new AI tools have led to increasingly sophisticated deepfake programs.<\/span><\/p>\n

While deepfakes are used <\/span>constructively<\/span><\/a> in education, film and TV production to boost accessibility and communication about important social development measures, the ability to generate deepfakes has become increasingly accessible. Some have exploited this rapidly evolving technology to fuel disinformation campaigns and crimes targeting specific individuals.<\/span><\/p>\n

In South Korea, the government and law enforcement authorities emphasized the danger of deepfakes ahead of April\u2019s parliamentary elections, highlighting the risks of AI in a misinformation environment already supercharged by political divides.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

However, the country has yet to reckon with the abuse of deepfake tools for digital sex crimes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Data<\/span><\/a> obtained by <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> from Democratic Party lawmaker Ko Min-jung\u2019s office and the Korea Communications Standards Commission (KCSC) reveals a nearly fourfold increase in requests for explicit videos to be blocked or removed, rising from 1,913 in 2021 to 7,187 in 2023.<\/span><\/p>\n

The actual scale of the damage is presumed to be much larger, as many victims do not report the incidents or remain unaware they have been victimized.<\/span><\/p>\n

A <\/span>report<\/span><\/a> by South Korean Supreme Court Justice Lee Suk-yeon, citing <\/span>data<\/span><\/a> from Home Security Heroes, a U.S. security-related startup, revealed that the number of deepfake videos distributed online worldwide in 2023 reached 95,820, a 550% increase compared to 2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Among these, 98% were identified as deepfake pornography, with 99% of the targets being women and 53% being South Korean singers and actresses.<\/span><\/p>\n

The effectiveness of efforts to combat deepfake sex crimes is limited. From June 2020 to April 2024, the KCSC\u2019s removal rate for explicit fake videos stood at a mere 2.3%. In 2021, only <\/span>157<\/span><\/a> of the country\u2019s 258 police stations had dedicated cyber investigation teams, with each cybercrime investigator handling an average of 200 cases.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

An illustration of a person using the Telegram app on their smartphone | Image: Korea Pro<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

LACK OF LEGAL PROTECTIONS<\/b><\/p>\n

Ruma told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> that simply deleting content or limiting access to deepfake images and videos already posted online is ineffective. She emphasized the importance of swiftly arresting perpetrators to prevent further incidents rather than merely removing photos from the public internet.<\/span><\/p>\n

Criminal defense lawyer Choi Seok-ho of law firm Truth pointed out that while a special act addresses penalties for those who create and disseminate deepfakes, there is a lack of legal framework explicitly targeting the purchase or download of such content.<\/span><\/p>\n

Regarding deepfakes involving adolescents, Choi noted that \u201ccases involving minors could lead to more severe punishment under existing laws protecting children and adolescents from sexual exploitation.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> identified a Telegram room with over 460 members where the identities of at least four girls were explicitly exposed, along with sensitive information such as their schools, home addresses, birthdates and government ID numbers.<\/span><\/p>\n

The group chat was active, with users offering to edit pictures of acquaintances and requesting sexually explicit edits on others\u2019 images.<\/span><\/p>\n

Telegram did not respond to <\/span>Korea Pro\u2019s<\/span><\/i> inquiries about its efforts to report users, delete the room, or prevent further digital sex crimes, nor did it address repeated reports of suspected deepfake images of women within one of the chatrooms.<\/span><\/p>\n

Choi clarified that even if a messenger service is based in another country, jurisdiction typically lies in Korea \u201cif crimes involving Korean individuals occur on the platform or if the crime\u2019s impact is within Korea.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

But he acknowledged that modifying sentencing could be challenging, as \u201cincreasing penalties for one crime may necessitate reevaluating penalties for others.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Noelle Martin, an award-winning activist, lawyer and researcher in the University of Western Australia Tech and Policy Lab who was targeted by perpetrators fabricating and distributing fake pornographic images and deepfakes of her at the age of 17, told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> that digitally altering women\u2019s images into non-consensual sexualized content is not a new issue but has recently surged due to several factors.<\/span><\/p>\n

She highlighted the lack of effective regulation on digital platforms that host and profit from deepfake abuse and failure to remove related content and advertisements.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe core of the problem is the dehumanization and degradation of women, the failure to see women as people with sexual agency and bodily autonomy and the treatment of women as objects, commodities and means to others\u2019 ends,\u201d Martin said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe are also dealing with a lack of accountability for all actors in the deepfake pipeline, including payment processors, such as Visa and MasterCard, who facilitate the trading of this material. And search engines, such as Google, who direct traffic to these services.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Ruma told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> that since the incident, she has become extremely sensitive to meeting new people, has isolated herself from many friends and is continuously receiving psychological counseling for complex post-traumatic stress disorder.<\/span><\/p>\n

She changed her number, deleted her Kakaotalk messenger application, stopped using her real name and avoids gatherings where she might have to exchange numbers with new people, especially men.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

The Korean Women Workers Association and the Telegram Sexual Exploitation Joint Countermeasure Committee hold a joint press conference and protest digital sexual exploitation, Nov. 29, 2020 | Image: Korean Women Workers Association<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

TACKLING DEEPFAKE CRIME<\/b><\/p>\n

In response to the potential use of generative AI to spread disinformation ahead of April\u2019s parliamentary election, South Korean authorities cracked down on reported deepfakes earlier this year, particularly those targeting the government and politicians.<\/span><\/p>\n

Last December, South Korea <\/span>amended<\/span><\/a> the Public Official Election Act with Article 82-8, which prohibited politicians from using deepfake videos 90 days before election day.<\/span><\/p>\n

When a suspected deepfake video of South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol speaking disparagingly about his government spread online before the 22nd National Assembly election, the Korean National Police Agency and KCSC took action to <\/span>delete and block<\/span><\/a> the video.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Post-election <\/span>reports<\/span><\/a> indicated that 388 confirmed deepfake videos appeared during the campaign period.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, deepfakes are not just a matter for politicians and public figures in South Korea. A <\/span>petition<\/span><\/a> urging the passage of a law mandating clear labeling of AI-generated content to prevent unethical use was filed and signed by over 50,000 people within a month in May.<\/span><\/p>\n

One potential way to counter emerging deepfake technologies is to leverage other technologies to detect manipulated videos and photos. The Korean Policy Agency <\/span>announced<\/span><\/a> in early May that it developed deepfake detection software with an accuracy rate of approximately 80% when verifying authenticity.<\/span><\/p>\n

Although recent <\/span>media reports<\/span><\/a> have questioned the software\u2019s effectiveness, the police maintain that their response will continue to adapt to the constantly evolving threats.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSince AI technology itself is newly developed, detection technology also needs to be continually developed,\u201d Im Yoon-sang, the head of Cyber Sexual Violence Investigation at the Korean National Police Agency, told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Activist and lawyer Martin <\/span>told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> that countries could do more to tackle this global and borderless problem.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEven if deepfake laws are introduced, that\u2019s just one step. The real test will be how well they operate in practice, and that will depend on how well these abuses are investigated by law enforcement and how seriously they are treated by courts,\u201d she stated.<\/span><\/p>\n

Shreyas Reddy contributed to this analysis. Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Culture & Society<\/span><\/a>Domestic Politics<\/span><\/a>Technology & Cyber<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ruma\u2019s nightmare began in 2021 when she joined Telegram, a cloud-based encrypted instant messaging service, to receive movie ticket alerts. The very next day, she received explicit images of her face superimposed onto pornographic material, accompanied by humiliating and degrading captions. \u201cI felt my hands and entire body start to shake,\u201d she said. \u201cI can\u2019t […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10781,"featured_media":2205475,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[25,27,29],"class_list":["post-2205471","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis","tag-culture-society","tag-domestic-politics","tag-technology-cyber"],"yoast_head":"\nSouth Korea\u2019s deepfake sex crime epidemic exposes lack of legal protections - KOREA PRO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2024\/06\/south-koreas-deepfake-sex-crime-epidemic-exposes-lack-of-legal-protections\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"South Korea\u2019s deepfake sex crime epidemic exposes lack of legal protections - KOREA PRO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ruma\u2019s nightmare began in 2021 when she joined Telegram, a cloud-based encrypted instant messaging service, to receive movie ticket alerts. 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