{"id":2205448,"date":"2024-06-13T16:33:07","date_gmt":"2024-06-13T07:33:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2205448"},"modified":"2024-06-14T17:01:21","modified_gmt":"2024-06-14T08:01:21","slug":"south-korea-balances-risks-and-rewards-in-central-asia-critical-minerals-play","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2024\/06\/south-korea-balances-risks-and-rewards-in-central-asia-critical-minerals-play\/","title":{"rendered":"South Korea balances risks and rewards in Central Asia critical minerals play"},"content":{"rendered":"

South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol\u2019s <\/span>week-long tour<\/span><\/a> to the Central Asian countries of Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan sought to strengthen cooperation in critical minerals and create new opportunities for South Korean companies.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, experts warn that South Korea faces significant risks as it attempts to diversify its supply chains in the region, including political instability, inadequate infrastructure and limited technical expertise.<\/span><\/p>\n

NAVIGATING ECONOMIC DEPENDENCIES<\/b><\/p>\n

South Korea\u2019s economy thrives on global supply chains, with imports fueling its manufacturing sector for export. However, escalating trade tensions between the U.S. and China have prompted South Korea to reassess its economic dependencies. China remains a crucial market for semiconductor exports, and the U.S. plays a vital role in supplying advanced equipment and technology.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Yoon administration has <\/span>responded<\/span><\/a> to these challenges by aiming to reduce its critical minerals import from 80% to 50% by 2030 while significantly increasing domestic production and recycling rates from 2% to 20%.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

South Korea has also embarked on a diplomatic offensive, forging alliances through initiatives like the <\/span>Minerals Security Partnership<\/span><\/a> and bilateral agreements with mineral-rich nations to diversify import sources and ensure a reliable supply.<\/span><\/p>\n

Experts stress the importance of maintaining competitiveness and securing stable supply chains, particularly in light of U.S. efforts to decrease reliance on Chinese imports through regulatory measures like the <\/span>Inflation Reduction Act<\/span><\/a> (IRA) and the <\/span>CHIPS Act<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Doh Won-bin, a senior researcher at the Korea Institute for Trade Analysis, stressed the need for industry-specific strategies, emphasizing that South Korea should focus on targeting the U.S. market in sectors like electric vehicles (EV) and batteries, where ROK businesses can benefit from U.S. moves to <\/span>impose tariffs<\/span><\/a> on Chinese imports.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIn the electric vehicles and battery industries, viewing the U.S. as a market and China as a competitor aligns with South Korea\u2019s strategic goals,\u201d Doh told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>, stressing the importance of maintaining technological leadership through a balanced approach that secures diversified markets and resources.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kwon Oh-kyoung, a professor of Supply Chain Management at Inha University, agreed, noting that the global shift toward regionalized supply chains centered around major economic powers like the U.S., China and Europe could offer Korean businesses resilience and strategic opportunities if managed effectively.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kwon highlighted the need for enhanced multilateral cooperation with Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Africa and other emerging markets.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhile various countries and blocs are reshoring and regionalizing their supply chains, South Korea must employ strategic engagement and provide robust institutional support for Korean businesses to capitalize on evolving global trade dynamics,\u201d Kwon said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe U.S. considers some countries as posing investment concerns or risks to its national interests. Obviously, South Korea cannot engage with countries under sanctions, but Seoul must also be careful with engaging countries that the U.S. considers potentially risky. After all, the U.S. is our largest market. We must identify countries outside of these concerns and work with them.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

(From left) South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol meeting with Turkmen President Serdar Berdimuhamedov and Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev | Image: ROK Presidential Office, edited by Korea Pro<\/p><\/div>\n

CENTRAL ASIA\u2019S IMPORTANCE<\/b><\/p>\n

During Yoon\u2019s state visits to <\/span>Turkmenistan<\/span><\/a> and Kazakhstan, South Korea successfully secured agreements to deepen collaboration across several key sectors, including gas, chemicals, shipbuilding and infrastructure.<\/span><\/p>\n

Notably, Yoon\u2019s visit to Kazakhstan on Wednesday saw the signing of a memorandum of understanding (MOU) focused on establishing a critical mineral supply chain partnership between the two nations.<\/span><\/p>\n

This partnership encompasses joint efforts in exploring and utilizing essential minerals, specifically emphasizing collaborative initiatives such as developing lithium mines and advancing technological cooperation in rare metals like lithium, tungsten and titanium.<\/span><\/p>\n

Experts are optimistic about Central Asia\u2019s potential as a partner for South Korea\u2019s critical minerals supply chain. Kwon of Inha University noted that focusing on Central Asia and the Caucasus region is \u201cstrategically prudent.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCentral Asian and Caucasus nations hold strategic importance due to their geographical positions as vital corridors to Europe,\u201d Kwon said. \u201cThey possess abundant natural resources and highly regard our country\u2019s expertise.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Hur Jung, an economics professor at Sogang University, emphasized Central Asia\u2019s strategic significance, particularly for South Korea\u2019s EV and battery sectors. He pointed out that while partnering with Central Asia may not \u201crevolutionize\u201d South Korea\u2019s economy, it constitutes a crucial component of a broader strategic approach due to its significant gas and energy resources.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

An illustration of supply chains | Image: Korea Pro<\/p><\/div>\n

CHALLENGES AND RISKS<\/b><\/p>\n

Lee Hyo-young, an associate professor at the Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security, told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> that while South Korea\u2019s expanding partnerships with Central Asian countries aim to diversify its supply chain, they also pose significant challenges related to infrastructure and technology.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lee emphasized that the region\u2019s inadequate infrastructure and limited technical expertise complicate collaboration, making it more complex and costly.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe vastness of Central Asia and the inadequate transportation infrastructure, especially overland routes, complicate mineral extraction and its secure transportation,\u201d Lee said.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lee noted that to achieve effective cooperation, South Korea will have to invest substantially in those countries\u2019 infrastructure development by transferring technology and increasing official development assistance.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hur of Sogang University concurred with Lee\u2019s assessment, adding that the lack of advanced systems and political stability in Central Asian countries could jeopardize South Korea\u2019s supply chains. He pointed out that the political risks in these countries, due to instability and authoritarian regimes, create a volatile environment that South Korea must navigate.<\/span><\/p>\n

For instance, even though Turkmenistan has the world\u2019s fourth-largest natural gas reserves, the country faces unstable power dynamics, <\/span>highlighted<\/span><\/a> by the power struggle between President Serdar Berdymukhamedov and his father, former President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cEven if we sign an MOU to secure a stable supply of certain minerals for several years, there is always the risk that a sudden change in government could lead to the cancellation or nullification of that agreement. This is a risk we have to bear,\u201d Hur said.<\/span><\/p>\n

The experts emphasized the importance of Seoul expanding its network, highlighting the difficulty in finding a single country in Central Asia that could match China\u2019s vast resources.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hur noted that global supply chains are undergoing a transition phase. Instead of solely relying on China, he stressed the necessity of adopting a diversified approach that involves multiple countries and alternative sources to complement the ongoing shift and mitigate tensions between the U.S. and China.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBeyond critical minerals, South Korea must also diversify its sources of intermediate goods by looking toward countries in Central Asia, South America and Southeast Asia. That is the only way to mitigate risks and ensure a stable supply chain,\u201d Hur said.<\/span><\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Business & Economy<\/span><\/a>Inter-Korean & Foreign Relations<\/span><\/a>Technology & Cyber<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol\u2019s week-long tour to the Central Asian countries of Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan sought to strengthen cooperation in critical minerals and create new opportunities for South Korean companies. 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