{"id":2205276,"date":"2024-05-28T12:51:40","date_gmt":"2024-05-28T03:51:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2205276"},"modified":"2024-05-29T19:31:12","modified_gmt":"2024-05-29T10:31:12","slug":"south-korean-authorities-struggle-to-keep-pace-with-evolving-phishing-tactics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2024\/05\/south-korean-authorities-struggle-to-keep-pace-with-evolving-phishing-tactics\/","title":{"rendered":"South Korean authorities struggle to keep pace with evolving phishing tactics"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u200b\u200bThe rise of voice phishing scams \u2014 scams in which criminals impersonate trusted sources, such as banks or legitimate companies, to manipulate victims into transferring money or sensitive information \u2014 in South Korea has led to significant financial losses for victims and also manipulated vulnerable individuals into unknowingly participating in these criminal activities.<\/span><\/p>\n

Reports of voice phishing have surged to <\/span>1,000 cases daily<\/span><\/a> at the National Police Agency\u2019s (NPA) newly launched telecommunications financial fraud response center. Alongside this increase, a growing number of ordinary citizens have been tricked into serving as cash mules \u2014 unwitting victims who transfer or launder money for scammers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Economic hardship has made some individuals susceptible to deceptive job advertisements that promise high pay for minimal requirements. These positions often disguise illicit operations as mundane financial tasks, such as debt collection or currency exchange.<\/span><\/p>\n

Recent legal proceedings<\/span><\/a> have acquitted suspects who demonstrated they were unaware of their roles in these broader criminal schemes. These cases highlight the profound vulnerabilities within personal security and financial systems, sparking debates about the need for stronger safeguards and heightened public awareness.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kim Jae-ho, a 63-year-old man with a minor disability that makes it challenging for him to find employment, fell victim to a voice phishing syndicate\u2019s job advertisement. The newspaper ad promised \u201chigh pay\u201d for a job that \u201canybody can do,\u201d which appealed to Kim.<\/span><\/p>\n

According to Kim, the position required transferring cash payments from clients to his employer, a task that seemed simple enough to explain the lack of specific qualifications. However, on his second day of work, while transferring about $5,000 at an automated teller machine (ATM), suspicions arose about his repeated use of the machine, and authorities apprehended him.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt would be a lie to say that I didn\u2019t find it suspicious that I could make about $100 (150,000 won) just by transferring money, which only took me a few minutes to do,\u201d Kim told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThey paid me even on days when I didn\u2019t work. They said they were paying me because I was on standby. But I desperately needed the money. I wasn\u2019t about to question easy money,\u201d he said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

A person using an ATM, Oct. 2, 2020 | Image: Eduardo Soares<\/a> via Unsplash<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

VULNERABLE YOUTH<\/b><\/p>\n

Since 2015, the South Korean government has lowered the ATM withdrawal limit for cash from about $2,200 (3 million won) to about $730 (1 million won) and intensified its crackdown on fake deposit bank passbooks.<\/span><\/p>\n

As a result, phishing scammers have shifted their focus to in-person transfers of stolen money, with the percentage rising from 8.6% in 2019 to <\/span>64% by 2022<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

This change in phishing trends has drawn more ordinary citizens, particularly those in their 20s, into criminal networks as unwitting cash mules.<\/span><\/p>\n

The shift has coincided with an economic downturn that has left individuals more financially vulnerable, especially young people who feel increasingly pessimistic about their financial prospects.<\/span><\/p>\n

Data<\/span><\/a> from the NPA underscores this demographic\u2019s vulnerability: among those apprehended for related offenses from April 2021 to April 2022, individuals in their 20s constituted 42%, double the figure for the next age bracket, those in their 30s, who accounted for 21%.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jung Je-yong, a former police investigator and now a professor at the University of Ulsan, attributes this phenomenon to high unemployment and the lure of quick money.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCriminals are taking advantage of the economic downturn and capitalizing on the most vulnerable,\u201d he told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Although cash mules occupy the lowest level of the criminal hierarchy, law enforcement most frequently apprehends them. NPA <\/span>data<\/span><\/a> shows that the average annual arrest tally for voice phishing suspects is about 38,000, with cash mules, bank bookholders and individuals who supply burner phones to phishing syndicates accounting for 98% of these arrests from 2018 to 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n

In contrast, the top members of these crime syndicates who profit the most comprise only 2% of all arrests.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jung explained that phishing operations are structured so that each participant knows only their immediate superior, complicating efforts to trace the chain of command. He also added that many of the top criminals are based in Southeast Asian countries, making their arrest and extradition more difficult.<\/span><\/p>\n

To illustrate this point, Jung cited a <\/span>recent case<\/span><\/a> in which Philippine and South Korean police collaborated to apprehend a phishing gang leader known as \u201cTeam Leader Kim Mi-young\u201d in the Philippines. However, he managed to escape from prison while waiting to be extradited to South Korea.<\/span><\/p>\n

SEVERE PENALTIES<\/b><\/p>\n

Domestic participants, such as cash mules, face severe consequences. Following a <\/span>2023 law revision<\/span><\/a>, cash mules can no longer settle their cases with fines and now face a minimum of one year in prison.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIn most cases, courts believe the accused knew their actions might be criminal, even if they claim otherwise,\u201d Suh Joon-bae, a professor at the Korean National Police University, told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>, which results in over 90% of cases leading to convictions.<\/span><\/p>\n

Acquittals are rare and generally occur when defendants demonstrate exceptional diligence, such as adhering strictly to hiring protocols and acting quickly upon spotting irregularities by either resigning or aiding law enforcement.<\/span><\/p>\n

Defendants often attempt to settle with victims outside of court to mitigate their sentences. For <\/span>instance<\/span><\/a>, one defendant agreed to a settlement of about $5,900 (8 million won) after earning just $220 (300,000 won) from her involvement, contributing to her acquittal.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, Kim Jae-ho opted for a full jail term, rejecting suggestions from the police to negotiate a settlement with the victims. \u201cWhy should I have to pay back the money when it was the higher-ups who actually took the victims\u2019 money?\u201d he said.<\/span><\/p>\n

In addition to jail time, defendants may face court-ordered restitution, often requiring them to pay sums far exceeding their illicit gains.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNaturally, many defendants find the sentencing unjust,\u201d said Suh of the Korean National Police University. He explained that once a cash mule is apprehended, victims tend to seek restitution from the mule, potentially causing defendants to owe up to $220,000 (300 million won) when the mules might have been paid no more than $220 (300,000 won) from their employers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Even if defendants escape restitution orders due to the complexities of attributing blame, they remain vulnerable to civil lawsuits. According to Ehyun, a law firm specializing in civil litigation, victims usually win these suits and claim damages equal to their total losses.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cBut it is often challenging for victims to recover all the losses precisely because many of these cash mules simply don\u2019t have the money,\u201d a representative from Ehyun told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Experts say recovering stolen money from phishing syndicates is practically impossible because once the money has been taken, it is transferred to various overseas accounts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Data<\/span><\/a> from the Financial Supervisory Service shows that authorities recovered 33% of stolen money in 2023. However, this figure only accounts for funds transferred through online transactions.<\/span><\/p>\n

As Suh notes, the majority of stolen funds, up to 70%, are now deposited in person by cash mules. These cash deposits are rarely retrieved, meaning the actual overall recovery rate is likely much lower than the 33% reported by the Financial Supervisory Service.<\/span><\/p>\n

Until a <\/span>law revision<\/span><\/a> in Nov. 2023, money deposited by cash mules directly into bank accounts could not be stopped from being withdrawn, even if the police were on the scene. Previously, the law only restricted withdrawals from online illegal transactions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

An illustration of a gavel | Image: Korea Pro<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

EVOLVING TACTICS<\/b><\/p>\n

A government task force against voice phishing <\/span>reported<\/span><\/a> a decrease in incidents from over 37,000 in 2019 to about 22,000 in 2022, attributing this drop to intensified crackdowns and measures such as leveraging AI and big data to combat scam tactics and lower bank transfer limits.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, experts argue that this improving figure overlooks the evolving nature of these crimes.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhile the number of cases might have subsided in the short term, there is a limit to rooting out the evolving nature of phishing scams as criminal syndicates have adapted,\u201d Hwang Seok-Jin, a financial crime research expert and professor at Dongguk University\u2019s Graduate School of International Affairs and Information, told Korea Pro<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hwang highlighted a trend in which criminals increasingly prefer to receive stolen money through department store gift cards or cryptocurrency rather than cash.<\/span><\/p>\n

In these schemes, scammers dupe ordinary citizens into acting as intermediaries, exchanging the money deposited into their bank accounts for gift cards or cryptocurrency under the guise of securing a low-interest loan or fulfilling job duties.<\/span><\/p>\n

Recognizing the ease with which many are unwittingly ensnared, Hwang emphasized the need for enhanced public relations or educational efforts to inform young people, who may seek easier, less physically demanding ways to earn money.<\/span><\/p>\n

Experts maintain that as phishing tactics become more varied, top-level scammers will continue to exploit unsuspecting individuals.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cScam networks, which tend to be intricately compartmentalized at every level, adapt to challenge by severing their compromised elements. So they can recruit replacement cash mules at will,\u201d Suh said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cFor those at the top, there is no shortage of expendable people.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Culture & Society<\/span><\/a>Technology & Cyber<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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