{"id":2203775,"date":"2024-02-09T18:20:01","date_gmt":"2024-02-09T09:20:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2203775"},"modified":"2024-03-01T15:07:37","modified_gmt":"2024-03-01T06:07:37","slug":"satellite-parties-and-political-machinations-test-south-korean-elections","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2024\/02\/satellite-parties-and-political-machinations-test-south-korean-elections\/","title":{"rendered":"Satellite parties and political machinations test South Korean elections"},"content":{"rendered":"

In the lead-up to South Korea\u2019s general election this April, main opposition Democratic Party (DP) leader Lee Jae-myung has decided that the party will adhere to the semi-mixed-member-proportional (MMP) system, which the country adopted in 2020.<\/p>\n

This decision comes despite the ruling People Power Party\u2019s (PPP) criticism that the MMP system complicates the electoral process and potentially favors the DP through the use of satellite parties. The move has also been questioned by various other stakeholders, including other DP lawmakers.<\/p>\n

Lee\u2019s decision to retain this system is particularly contentious because it was originally intended to improve representation for smaller parties in the National Assembly. However, experts told Korea Pro<\/em> that, in practice, the MMP system is not conducive to reaching this goal and instead further complicates the electoral system, which could confuse voters.<\/p>\n

The debate over the semi-MMP rule highlights broader concerns about the impact of strategic political decisions on the democratic process. It also raises questions about the balance between political strategy and the pursuit of a more inclusive electoral system.<\/p>\n

To help readers understand the history and controversy surrounding the election system, Korea Pro<\/em> aims to clarify the operation of South Korea’s general elections, explore comparisons with other systems, and address why the country\u2019s model has become a subject of controversy.<\/p>\n

\"\"

South Korean general election campaign posters in April 2020 | Image: Korea Pro<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

What election rule did South Korea use in the past?<\/strong><\/p>\n

South Korea previously conducted general elections primarily under the mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) system to elect its legislators \u2014 involving both district and proportionate candidates.<\/p>\n

Proportional representation was first established in 1963, following a military coup, with the intention of enabling less popular military officials-turned-politicians to secure proportional seats, testimonies show.<\/p>\n

Over the years, especially before the democratization of the 1980s, the method for calculating the allocation of proportional seats varied from one election to the next. However, the principle that voters cast a single vote for a district candidate persisted until 2000.<\/p>\n

This system ensured that the number of votes received by a party\u2019s district representatives determined the percentage of the total proportional seats allocated to that party.<\/p>\n

However, the South Korean Constitutional Court ruled in 2001 that it was unconstitutional to use a one-person-one-ballot system to calculate parties\u2019 proportional representation seats. The court\u2019s decision was based on the principle that if a voter\u2019s preferred party did not field a candidate in their district, the voter had no means to support that party.<\/p>\n

Following this ruling, election laws were revised for the 2002 local elections and the 2004 parliamentary elections to permit two votes per person: one for district candidates and another for parties.<\/p>\n

South Korea\u2019s MMM system predetermined a specific number of seats in the parliament for proportional representation. Additionally, from 2004, affirmative action policies required<\/a> that 50% of the candidates for proportional representation be women.<\/p>\n

What is the MMP system?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

The MMP system allocates a party\u2019s total number of seats in the legislature based on the proportion of the party vote it receives from the electorate. For example, if a party secures 10% of the party vote, it would be entitled to 30 out of 300 seats in the legislature. Should that party win six district seats, it could then fill the remaining 24 seats with its proportional representatives.<\/p>\n

Countries such as Germany, New Zealand, Scotland, Albania and Venezuela have either adopted the MMP system or variations of it. This system aims to balance direct representation with proportional representation, ensuring that the composition of the legislature more accurately reflects the overall distribution of the party vote.<\/p>\n

What was the election rule introduced in the 2020 general election, and will it be the same for the 2024 election?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

The 2020 general election in South Korea introduced the \u201csemi-mixed-member-proportional\u201d (semi-MMP) system, which proponents claimed was inspired by Germany\u2019s election model. This model has been widely regarded by South Korean experts as effectively mirroring the electorate\u2019s preferences.<\/p>\n

This semi-MMP system, a blend of the MMM and MMP systems, will be used again in the upcoming election.<\/p>\n

The method for calculating seats is more complicated, combining elements of both MMM and MMP. Under this system, if a party secures 10% of the votes, it won\u2019t receive a straightforward 30 out of 300 seats. Instead, if that party wins six district seats, it would be allocated only 12 of the remaining seats for its proportional representation, effectively half.<\/p>\n

Lawmakers predetermined the allocation of seats in 2020: 253 seats for district candidates and 47 seats for proportional candidates out of a total of 300. This distribution is expected to remain the same for the election in April.<\/p>\n

\"\"

South Korea\u2019s National Assembly, May 20, 2023 | Image: Korea Pro<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

What was the intention behind implementing the semi-MMP system?<\/strong><\/p>\n

The primary goal of the semi-MMP system was to enhance the representation of smaller, minor parties in the National Assembly, which has been predominantly controlled by the two major parties, namely the DP and the PPP.<\/p>\n

Additionally, the system sought to change the prevailing voting behavior. Historically, the bipolar nature of South Korea\u2019s political climate led voters to cast their ballots \u201cto punish\u201d certain parties rather than \u201cvote for\u201d policies that they prefer, experts told Korea Pro<\/em>.<\/p>\n

According to experts, this tendency discouraged voters from supporting minor parties due to concerns that their vote might inadvertently benefit the least preferred major party candidate.<\/p>\n

By introducing the semi-MMP system, the intention was to diversify the voices in the National Assembly by encouraging the inclusion of more representatives from minor parties, thereby reducing the extremities of partisan politics.<\/p>\n

However, the South Korean version of the MMP-variant system has a unique aspect: a predetermined cap on proportional seats. \u201cCompared to other proportional representation systems, the South Korean one is quite a weird one,\u201d Cho Jin-man, a political science professor at Duksung Women\u2019s University, told Korea Pro<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Shin Yul, a political science professor at Myongji University, told Korea Pro<\/em>\u00a0that such a system is the remnant of a proportional representation system that was imported from Japan but gradually mixed with a partial German MMP model.<\/p>\n

\u201cAmong countries that have adopted presidential systems, there\u2019s only a handful of countries that have coupled that with a proportional representation parliament. Look at the U.S., for example. The U.S. doesn\u2019t have proportional seats in Congress. And the German and Japanese ones are not based on the presidential system. The South Korean system is a deformed model,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Was the implementation of the semi-MMP system successful?<\/strong><\/p>\n

No. Instead of enhancing the representation of smaller, minor parties, the system was exploited by the two major political parties.<\/p>\n

They circumvented the system by establishing satellite parties to which they temporarily transferred some of their candidates. This tactic allowed them to effectively operate as minor parties during the election, only to reintegrate these satellite entities with their primary parties post-election.<\/p>\n

DP leader Lee Jae-myung has publicly vowed to employ the same satellite party strategy used in 2020 to maintain his party\u2019s parliamentary majority. This approach suggests that the DP may not directly field candidates for proportional representation but will instead channel them through a satellite party, exploiting the system\u2019s calculation method to their advantage.<\/p>\n

Multiple experts told Korea Pro<\/em> that the MMM system the country used in the past would have been preferable to the current semi-MMP system, as it would have lowered the excessive intra-party competition for proportional seat nominations.<\/p>\n

\u201cI thought it would have been wise for Lee Jae-myung to revert to the MMM system, but he didn\u2019t,\u201d Park Sung-min, a political commentator and the founder of MIN Consulting, told Korea Pro.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cBut the DP\u2019s version of the so-called semi-MMP system doesn\u2019t look all that different from the MMM system. It seems like Lee wants to have his cake and eat it, too,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

\"\"

President Yoon Suk-Yeol gives his National Liberation Day address, Aug. 15, 2023 | Image: ROK Presidential Office<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Why has the semi-MMP system in South Korea become more controversial compared to similar systems in other countries?<\/strong><\/p>\n

The controversy surrounding South Korea\u2019s semi-MMP system, as compared to the MMP models in Germany, New Zealand and Scotland, centers on more than just the issue of representational percentages. Experts told Korea Pro<\/em> that a significant concern is the allocation of too many seats to district representatives from the outset.<\/p>\n

\u201cAdditionally, this is very difficult for ordinary voters to gather and understand,\u201d Park of MIN Consulting said. \u201cSome DP supporters might welcome this, but many voters won\u2019t understand this rule, not to mention welcome it,\u201d Cho of Duksung Women\u2019s University added.<\/p>\n

Shin Yul, a political science professor at Myongji University, said that compared to the MMM system, the semi-MMP system does offer voters more choices in terms of improved representation. However, he agreed with other experts that if the rules are overly complicated, it might not be able to accurately reflect voters\u2019 actual preferences.<\/p>\n

\u201cWith the rules being as complicated as they are, it will become very easy for voters to think that electoral reforms are not for their benefit, but really just another petty argument among political elites.\u201d<\/p>\n

Further, other countries with similar systems have implemented safeguards to prevent the formation of satellite parties intended solely for post-election mergers with larger parties.<\/p>\n

For instance, Germany\u2019s election law revision in 2013 stipulates that parties failing to secure a minimum number of district seats are excluded from proportional representation counts.<\/p>\n

Moreover, in some countries utilizing the MMP system, parties are prohibited from nominating candidates for proportional and district seats. Rather, the former are often reserved for those who were unsuccessful in district contests.<\/p>\n

However, the presence of such measures does not prevent the establishment of satellite parties, as seen in Albania, suggesting that preventive legislation alone might not be enough.<\/p>\n

Experts told Korea Pro<\/em> that the underlying issues in South Korea may also relate to the political culture among lawmakers, party politicians and the electorate, as well as the maturity of democratic electoral norms.<\/p>\n

\u201cAt least in 2020, the DP had the benefit of appearing benevolent by arguing that the semi-MMP system would significantly elevate minor parties. But now, that pretense is gone, with Lee vowing that his party will establish satellite parties for the sole purpose of securing proportional seats,\u201d Park of MIN Consulting said.<\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/em><\/p>\n

Culture & Society<\/span><\/a>Domestic Politics<\/span><\/a>Elections 2024<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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