{"id":2203348,"date":"2024-01-04T16:00:36","date_gmt":"2024-01-04T07:00:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2203348"},"modified":"2024-01-05T14:31:17","modified_gmt":"2024-01-05T05:31:17","slug":"south-korea-faces-human-rights-backslide-in-2023","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2024\/01\/south-korea-faces-human-rights-backslide-in-2023\/","title":{"rendered":"South Korea faces human rights backslide in 2023"},"content":{"rendered":"

The previous year marked a significant period in South Korea\u2019s human rights journey, highlighting a series of events that suggest a regression in the country\u2019s commitment to protecting these rights. Key developments included the potential repeal of the Student Human Rights Ordinance and the constitutional upholding of penalties for homosexuality in the military.<\/span><\/p>\n

SOCIAL RIGHTS<\/b><\/p>\n

In Seoul, a political divide intensified over the fate of a key educational rights regulation. The <\/span>Student Human Rights Ordinance<\/span><\/a>, a decade-old policy enacted in 2012, became the center of a <\/span>heated debate<\/span><\/a> between conservative and progressive lawmakers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The ordinance, designed to protect students, prohibits corporal punishment, discrimination against pregnant or LGBTI students and upholds freedoms related to hairstyle, clothing and religious beliefs. It also allows students to report any breach of these freedoms to a human rights inspector at Seoul\u2019s Education Office.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, the ordinance came under intense scrutiny following the <\/span>suicide<\/span><\/a> of an elementary school teacher in July, reportedly due to harassment from students\u2019 parents.<\/span><\/p>\n

This tragic event catalyzed a national conversation about the balance of power in educational settings, highlighting concerns over the diminishing authority of teachers and the need to protect them from abusive students and parents.<\/span><\/p>\n

In response, the government and ruling party targeted the ordinance, with President Yoon Suk-yeol <\/span>advocating<\/span><\/a> for its amendment, criticizing it as \u201cunreasonable\u201d and harmful to teachers\u2019 rights.<\/span><\/p>\n

This push to repeal student rights ordinances has seen a broader impact across South Korea. For instance, the South Choongcheong Provincial Council, which had adopted the ordinance in 2020, <\/span>repealed<\/span><\/a> it in December. In Seoul, a court decision <\/span>temporarily suspended<\/span><\/a> the City Council\u2019s effort to repeal the ordinance after a civic group\u2019s legal intervention, indicating a complex and ongoing dispute.<\/span><\/p>\n

The United Nations Human Rights Council joined the discussion in Jan. 2023, <\/span>voicing concerns<\/span><\/a> over the repeal initiatives. It criticized these moves as potential violations of international standards, particularly regarding discrimination against sexual minorities.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Volunteers carrying the Pride flag at the 2022 Seoul Queer Culture Festival, July 2022\u00a0| Image: Seoul Queer Culture Festival<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

LGBTI RIGHTS<\/b><\/p>\n

The South Korean Constitutional Court <\/span>upheld a military regulation<\/span><\/a> in October that penalizes homosexuality in the armed forces. The court maintained the constitutionality of Article 92.6 of the Military Criminal Act, which mandates up to two years imprisonment for those found engaging in homosexual acts, dismissing a petition to review its constitutionality in a closely contested decision of five to four judges.<\/span><\/p>\n

This provision, long a point of contention, has been instrumental in the military\u2019s penalization of male soldiers for homosexual activities, irrespective of consent. Critics <\/span>argue<\/span><\/a> that this practice undermines sexual self-determination and perpetuates discrimination between genders.<\/span><\/p>\n

The ruling marks the fourth instance of the court upholding this provision, following similar decisions in 2002, 2011 and 2016. Human rights and legal advocacy groups have <\/span>criticized<\/span><\/a> this decision, viewing it as a step backward in ensuring equality and an infringement on the rights to happiness and privacy.<\/span><\/p>\n

In justifying its decision, the court asserted the importance of maintaining discipline and combat effectiveness in the military. It stressed the perceived risks to military order from such activities, especially in the predominantly male, close-quarters environment of military service.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, the dissenting justices <\/span>argued<\/span><\/a> that same-sex consensual acts are rooted in sexual orientation. They also raised concerns about the provision\u2019s ambiguity, particularly regarding its seemingly non-application to female soldiers and the context of private encounters.<\/span><\/p>\n

GENDER RIGHTS<\/b><\/p>\n

The Yoon administration implemented significant budget reductions for women-focused policies in 2023, marking a notable change in the government\u2019s approach to gender equality.<\/span><\/p>\n

Although the Yoon administration <\/span>raised<\/span><\/a> the Ministry of Gender Equality\u2019s budget allocation for 2024, it cut back various initiatives, including those aimed at <\/span>preventing violence against women<\/span><\/a> and aiding victims, notably impacting the allocation of funds for the medical treatment of sexual assault victims.<\/span><\/p>\n

These financial reductions extended to the educational sector, with the complete removal of funding dedicated to <\/span>gender human rights education<\/span><\/a> in schools.<\/span><\/p>\n

Another affected entity was the Employment Equality Counseling Center, a service that has provided advice on workplace gender issues for 24 years, which saw its budget <\/span>halved<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Additionally, the Foreign Workers\u2019 Support Centers, vital for the welfare of migrant women workers, <\/span>shut down<\/span><\/a> at the start of the new year following the total withdrawal of its funding.<\/span><\/p>\n

These budgetary decisions align with Yoon\u2019s campaign promises, which included a <\/span>pledge<\/span><\/a> to abolish the gender equality ministry. This move was perceived as an attempt to appeal to young male voters, suggesting that the ministry\u2019s policies were overly favorable to women and thus exacerbating gender tensions.<\/span><\/p>\n

As a result of these changes, the Yoon administration encountered considerable opposition from other political parties. This resistance impeded a proposed governmental restructure, which would have involved dissolving the gender equality ministry and merging its functions with the welfare ministry. In response, the government has shifted its focus toward a more gender-neutral policy approach.<\/span><\/p>\n

Amid these policy shifts, there is increasing concern, especially considering a rise in gender-based violence in 2023. For instance, a woman was <\/span>brutally attacked<\/span><\/a> and raped on a hiking trail in broad daylight in Seoul in August, which led to her death two days later.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Members of the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions protest against the Yoon administration\u2019s labor policies, Jan. 20, 2023 | Image: Korean Confederation of Trade Unions via Facebook<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

LABOR RIGHTS<\/b><\/p>\n

The South Korean Supreme Court delivered a <\/span>ruling<\/span><\/a> in June that set new precedents for the liability of individual employees involved in illegal strikes. The court decreed that the liability for damages in such cases should be determined based on the specific actions of each union member, a significant departure from previous practices.<\/span><\/p>\n

This ruling had immediate implications in a case involving Hyundai Motor Company and four members of the National Metal Workers\u2019 Union’s Hyundai branch. The Supreme Court overturned a lower court\u2019s decision, which had granted Hyundai a partial victory by recognizing its fixed cost losses from a protracted strike and ordering the union members to pay $1.5 million (2 billion won) in damages.<\/span><\/p>\n

Central to the Supreme Court\u2019s decision was the concern that equating the liability of a union with that of its members could infringe upon the workers\u2019 constitutional rights to solidarity and collective action.<\/span><\/p>\n

Further, this stance reflects the principles underlying the \u201c<\/span>yellow envelope law<\/span><\/a>.\u201d This pro-labor legislation, aimed at broadening workers\u2019 civil and criminal immunity and limiting the scope of damage claims, was initially passed by the National Assembly but later <\/span>vetoed<\/span><\/a> by Yoon, failing to secure approval in a subsequent revote due to resistance from the ruling People Power Party.<\/span><\/p>\n

Despite the Democratic Party-controlled National Assembly\u2019s failure to pass the yellow envelope law, the Supreme Court\u2019s decision is expected to influence lower courts\u2019 handling of labor disputes and reshape the legal framework surrounding labor rights in South Korea.<\/span><\/p>\n

The labor sector has largely welcomed the ruling, viewing it as a measure to prevent excessive compensation demands from employers in labor disputes. In contrast, the business community has expressed concerns, citing the practical difficulties in establishing the specific actions of each individual involved in such disputes.<\/span><\/p>\n

DISABILITY RIGHTS<\/b><\/p>\n

Tensions increased between disability rights activists and authorities in South Korea, particularly in the context of protests for improved mobility services.<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>Solidarity Against Disability Discrimination<\/span><\/a> (SADD), a disability rights group, faced opposition from Seoul Metro and the Seoul Metropolitan Police during its protests at subway stations. These protests, which focused on demanding more funding for disabled mobility, led to several activists being forcibly removed and detained for refusing to vacate the premises and allegedly obstructing business operations.<\/span><\/p>\n

Authorities defended their actions by citing the unauthorized nature of the protests and the necessity to maintain order in the metro system, referring to protesters\u2019 actions as a violation of the <\/span>Railroad Safety Act<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

The ongoing campaign by SADD for enhanced mobility rights, which includes subway boarding protests initiated in Dec. 2021, has elicited strong reactions from Seoul Metro, including restrictions on station entry for the activists.<\/span><\/p>\n

These tactics, particularly during rush hours, have been contentious, leading to legal actions, including five criminal lawsuits and three claims for damages against the group. Seoul Mayor Oh Se-hoon has been vocal in his criticism of these protests, <\/span>labeling<\/span><\/a> them as \u201csocial terrorist\u201d activities.<\/span><\/p>\n

In contrast, SADD argued that its protests were non-disruptive and that the municipal government\u2019s response infringed upon its constitutional rights to assemble peacefully and demonstrate.<\/span><\/p>\n

Heightened tensions will likely continue in 2024 as SADD <\/span>resumes<\/span><\/a> its subway protests. The dispute experienced a brief respite when SADD agreed to suspend protests in return for a promised bipartisan funding allocation of $20.7 million (<\/span>27.1 billion won<\/span><\/a>) for improved call taxi services.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, the final budget, significantly reduced following opposition from the finance ministry, provided only about $745,000 (<\/span>975 million won<\/span><\/a>). This amount falls short of what SADD considers essential to operate specially equipped taxis effectively.<\/span><\/p>\n

LOOKING AHEAD<\/b><\/p>\n

These developments, marked by significant legislative changes, court rulings and public demonstrations, highlight the ongoing evolution of South Korea\u2019s approach to human rights. While some actions signal a potential regression, others indicate a continual struggle for progress and recognition of diverse rights.<\/span><\/p>\n

The year\u2019s events have not only shaped the immediate landscape of human rights in South Korea but also set the stage for future debates and actions in a society grappling with modern human rights standards.<\/span><\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Culture & Society<\/span><\/a>Domestic Politics<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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SOCIAL RIGHTS […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10407,"featured_media":2203349,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[25,27],"class_list":["post-2203348","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis","tag-culture-society","tag-domestic-politics"],"yoast_head":"\nSouth Korea faces human rights backslide in 2023 - KOREA PRO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2024\/01\/south-korea-faces-human-rights-backslide-in-2023\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"South Korea faces human rights backslide in 2023 - KOREA PRO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The previous year marked a significant period in South Korea\u2019s human rights journey, highlighting a series of events that suggest a regression in the country\u2019s commitment to protecting these rights. 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