{"id":2202440,"date":"2023-10-06T17:18:20","date_gmt":"2023-10-06T08:18:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2202440"},"modified":"2023-10-09T18:23:50","modified_gmt":"2023-10-09T09:23:50","slug":"between-protection-and-prosecution-south-koreas-self-defense-paradox","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2023\/10\/between-protection-and-prosecution-south-koreas-self-defense-paradox\/","title":{"rendered":"Between protection and prosecution: South Korea\u2019s self-defense paradox"},"content":{"rendered":"

In light of recent knife-related attacks, the concept and application of self-defense have gained significant attention in South Korea.<\/span><\/p>\n

One such incident in late May saw a man in his 70s attack a shop owner in Daejeon. The assailant allegedly used a knife to attack the victim, who proceeded to defend himself by kicking the attacker and wresting the knife away.<\/span><\/p>\n

Despite his injuries, the shop owner was later identified by prosecutors as a <\/span>suspect in an assault case<\/span><\/a>. Such situations have brought to the fore the nuances of \u201cjustifiable defense\u201d under South Korea\u2019s legal system.<\/span><\/p>\n

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK<\/b><\/p>\n

Article 21<\/span><\/a> of South Korea\u2019s Criminal Act outlines the stipulations for self-defense: \u201cAn act unavoidably committed to avert an imminent unlawful infringement upon the life, body, liberty, or property of oneself or a third party is not punishable only when the harm inflicted does not exceed the harm to be averted, and provided that it is reasonable in the circumstances.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cJustifiable self-defense, as the term suggests, is a defensive act carried out legitimately. That means there must be no unlawfulness. So, if I hit someone in response to them causing me harm, it falls under a defensive act, making it lawful,\u201d Shin Dong Woon, a general practice attorney, told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

While textbooks offer a straightforward definition of self-defense, real-life scenarios often blur the lines between what is and isn\u2019t permissible, Shin explained.<\/span><\/p>\n

Further complicating matters is the \u201c<\/span>Eight Criteria for Justifiable Defense in Police Investigations<\/span><\/a>\u201d issued by South Korea\u2019s National Police Agency. This criteria details factors that determine the legitimacy of a self-defense claim, however, its wording has often been criticized for some of its unrealistic clauses.<\/span><\/p>\n

For instance, one of the criteria for determining justifiable defense emphasizes that the defensive force a victim uses should not exceed the aggressor\u2019s. It also stipulates that the victim must cease any actions that cause the assailant harm once the attack has ended. It also demands that injuries to the aggressor should not surpass those sustained by the defender and shouldn\u2019t incapacitate the aggressor for more than three weeks.<\/span><\/p>\n

This criteria has caused many victims who successfully defended themselves from attackers to then be prosecuted for assault.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A man in his 20s was <\/span>sentenced<\/span><\/a> to prison for 18 months in 2014 when a court ruled that he \u201cexcessively\u201d assaulted a burglar he found in his home. Upon discovering the unarmed intruder who was set to flee, the man struck the burglar with an aluminum pole from a laundry rack. The attack resulted in the burglar sustaining severe brain injuries and falling into a vegetative state. The court labeled the man\u2019s actions as \u201cexcessive self-defense.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Two shadow figures at the court | Image: <\/span><\/i>Supreme Court of Korea<\/span><\/i><\/a>, edited by Korea Pro<\/span><\/i><\/p><\/div>\n

NEED FOR CLARITY<\/b><\/p>\n

Due to the law\u2019s stringent criteria, self-defense can be challenging to establish in legal situations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kim Byung Soo, a police administration professor at Dong-Eui University, emphasized in his <\/span>paper<\/span><\/a> that the prevailing sentiment among the public is to endure attacks rather than defend themselves. This raises the pivotal question: How should individuals react when passive resistance isn’t adequate?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDistinguishing between justifiable defense and excessive self-defense is vital,\u201d Shin told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>. \u201cWhile excessive self-defense acknowledges a valid reason for using violence, it doesn\u2019t guarantee immunity from legal repercussions. This complexity highlights the challenges of understanding legal provisions and emphasizes the importance of evaluating each case individually.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cArticle 21\u2019s wording is ambiguous, leading to confusion about the standards applied. He noted that many cases skip thorough analysis and jump straight to conclusions. \u201cThis problem is compounded by the Supreme Court\u2019s unclear criteria and the lack of consistent standards in academic circles,\u201d Kim stressed in his paper.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kim suggests that providing more detailed justifications for judgments would help people better understand what to anticipate in legal scenarios.<\/span><\/p>\n

Attorney Shin highlighted the need to balance self-defense imperatives with ethical considerations within the concept of \u201creasonableness\u201d’ to achieve consistent and fair legal outcomes.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cClaiming justifiable self-defense has always been challenging,\u201d Shin said to <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>. \u201cIt often isn’t recognized.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Stock image of South Korean police officers chase a suspect, July 26, 2022 | Image: National Police Agency via Instagram<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

SOCIETAL RESPONSE<\/b><\/p>\n

Recent violent incidents have spurred a shift in public perception. The <\/span>escalating<\/span><\/a> number of knife-related crimes has amplified fears, driving interest in self-defense across various demographic groups.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kwak Dae-kyung, a professor of criminal justice at Dongguk University, noted the unusual trend of an increasing number of men and women seeking to <\/span>acquire<\/span><\/a> self-defense equipment. For instance, Interpark, a South Korean e-commerce platform, reported a <\/span>123% increase<\/span><\/a> in personal defense equipment sales year-on-year. Items listed for sale included pepper spray, batons, brass knuckles and whistles.<\/span><\/p>\n

“After witnessing incidents affecting victims of all ages and genders, there\u2019s a clear increase in the desire for self-protection across the population. Both the young and old feel the urgency to ensure their safety,” Kwak told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, the rise in violent incidents and a parallel increase in self-defense equipment purchases pose a challenge.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

“The media is responsible,\u201d Choi Eung-Ryul a professor of police administration at Dongguk University, told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>. \u201cWhen they report on crimes and highlight the rising sales of self-defense tools, it prompts people to think they might need one too. However, in many cases, they might not truly require such tools.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

LEGAL BARRIERS<\/b><\/p>\n

Other experts emphasize that while vigilance and awareness are important, the best approach to self-defense is to escape, seek assistance from bystanders and notify the police.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOnly if these steps fail should one consider acting directly due to concerns about the fine line between self-defense and excessive force,\u201d attorney Shin told Korea Pro.<\/span><\/p>\n

In light of a recent surge in violent crimes, justice minister Han Dong-hoon has <\/span>urged<\/span><\/a> the Prosecutors\u2019 Office for prompt intervention, highlighting the critical role of law enforcement in using appropriate measures, including self-defense, when confronting violent criminals. Supporting this stance, the National Police Agency has <\/span>pledged<\/span><\/a> to utilize necessary means, such as tasers, especially when facing armed suspects.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

However, Kwak remarked that the public has apprehensions about incidents where individuals faced legal backlash for engaging in self-defense.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cInstances where the use of self-defense equipment was deemed excessive have led to court rejections of self-defense claims,” Kwak told Korea Pro. \u201cFor a self-defense claim to hold, traditionally, the force exerted should be comparable, or slightly more than what the attacker uses. If one uses disproportionate force, they might also end up in legal trouble.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Culture & Society<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In light of recent knife-related attacks, the concept and application of self-defense have gained significant attention in South Korea. One such incident in late May saw a man in his 70s attack a shop owner in Daejeon. The assailant allegedly used a knife to attack the victim, who proceeded to defend himself by kicking the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10407,"featured_media":2202443,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[25],"class_list":["post-2202440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis","tag-culture-society"],"yoast_head":"\nBetween protection and prosecution: South Korea\u2019s self-defense paradox - KOREA PRO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2023\/10\/between-protection-and-prosecution-south-koreas-self-defense-paradox\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Between protection and prosecution: South Korea\u2019s self-defense paradox - KOREA PRO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In light of recent knife-related attacks, the concept and application of self-defense have gained significant attention in South Korea. 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