{"id":2201829,"date":"2023-07-28T17:00:46","date_gmt":"2023-07-28T08:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2201829"},"modified":"2023-07-31T17:01:52","modified_gmt":"2023-07-31T08:01:52","slug":"south-koreas-quest-for-global-pivotal-status-a-leap-or-overreach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2023\/07\/south-koreas-quest-for-global-pivotal-status-a-leap-or-overreach\/","title":{"rendered":"South Korea\u2019s quest for global pivotal status: A leap or overreach?"},"content":{"rendered":"

At the outset of his term, President Yoon Suk-yeol outlined his vision for South Korea as a \u201cglobal pivotal state\u201d (GPS). However, South Korea\u2019s absence from key groupings like the Quad, AUKUS and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) raises questions about how pivotal the country truly is in global affairs.<\/span><\/p>\n

This concept has become a cornerstone of Yoon\u2019s speeches. He and his officials articulated the phrase most recently in last month\u2019s <\/span>National Security Strategy<\/span><\/a>, underscoring the intent to align South Korea\u2019s foreign policy with its rising economic, military and soft power.<\/span><\/p>\n

In an era when many world leaders tread lightly around ideological issues, Yoon\u2019s policy explicitly promotes liberal democratic values. The Yoon administration labels these as \u201cuniversal values,\u201d encompassing freedom, human rights and the rule of law.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yoon\u2019s strategy suggests a recalibration from Seoul\u2019s traditionally peninsula-centric focus toward a more expansive, global role.<\/span><\/p>\n

RAISING KOREA\u2019S GLOBAL PROFILE<\/b><\/p>\n

Yoon\u2019s appearance at the NATO Summit in Lithuania \u2014 his second NATO summit meeting \u2014 underscored his perspective that global security and economic issues are interconnected. While the National Security Strategy indicates Pyongyang as the principal threat to Seoul, it is noteworthy that the assessment begins with an overview of the global security environment, progresses to the Indo-Pacific and focuses on the Korean Peninsula last.<\/span><\/p>\n

While in Lithuania, Yoon <\/span>endorsed<\/span><\/a> cooperation with NATO and a \u201cleading role in the regional security of the Indo-Pacific\u201d for the Asia Pacific 4 \u2014 South Korea, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. This alignment suggests that Yoon perceives strengthened relationships with Europe and other international partners as a mechanism for counterbalancing an increasingly assertive China.<\/span><\/p>\n

China has <\/span>reacted sharply<\/span><\/a> to what it perceives as anti-China coalition building, such as groupings like AUKUS, the Quad and NATO. Reflecting this view, its embassy in Japan recently <\/span>asserted<\/span><\/a> that NATO\u2019s \u201cplan to expand into the Asia-Pacific violates U.N. rules.\u201d The sentiment mirrors China\u2019s stance that NATO\u2019s expansion into Eastern Europe fueled Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine.<\/span><\/p>\n

This exchange pinpoints the fundamental challenge inherent in Seoul\u2019s GPS vision. From a security perspective, while Yoon\u2019s efforts to elevate South Korea\u2019s global profile resonate with the U.S. and the West, these moves will likely further estrange its close neighbors China, Russia and the DPRK.<\/span><\/p>\n

Like his predecessors, Yoon understands that the bedrock of South Korea\u2019s foreign policy is its alliance with the U.S. Capitalizing on former President Moon Jae-In\u2019s groundwork during his last two years in office, Yoon has fortified this relationship and further burnished South Korea\u2019s standing in the U.S. His rendition of \u201cAmerican Pie\u201d during his White House visit certainly didn\u2019t harm his public image.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yet unlike Moon, Yoon has also made a deliberate effort to restore South Korea\u2019s diplomatic ties with Japan, investing substantial political capital to convince South Koreans and the Japanese that their shared interests outweigh their differences.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yoon has also reached out to other middle-power partners like Australia, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, France and the U.K.\u00a0 He worked hard to secure the ROK\u2019s invitation to this year\u2019s G7 Summit. He has also taken steps to bridge the global North-South divide, forging a \u201c<\/span>K-rice belt<\/span><\/a>\u201d with eight African nations and hosting a successful <\/span>inaugural summit<\/span><\/a> with Pacific Island leaders.<\/span><\/p>\n

Despite these strides, South Korea remains outside the Quad and AUKUS. Neither group has extended an invitation to Seoul, and it is probable that all parties prefer the status quo. South Korea\u2019s security anchor remains its U.S. alliance. Given the nuclear-powered submarine focus of AUKUS, South Korea has no strategic necessity to join. Involvement in AUKUS or the Quad would further strain Seoul\u2019s relationship with Beijing, with little obvious upside.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol visits the U.N. Memorial Cemetery in Busan, July 27, 2023 | Image: Republic of Korea via Flickr<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

VALUED BY THE WEST<\/b><\/p>\n

Yoon\u2019s emphasis on liberal values resonates well within Western circles. South Korea has amplified its support for U.N. votes on human rights issues, co-hosted a <\/span>Summit for Democracy<\/span><\/a> in Seoul and <\/span>increased its development funding<\/span><\/a> to the global South by more than 18% this year.<\/span><\/p>\n

During his recent visit to Ukraine, Yoon substantially augmented South Korea\u2019s <\/span>commitment<\/span><\/a> to the embattled nation. The country is also making a noteworthy indirect contribution by selling state-of-the-art ammunition and weaponry to countries like Poland and the U.S., freeing those countries\u2019 resources to aid Ukraine.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, as many nations have discovered, putting values at the heart of foreign policy requires hard trade-offs. In Ukraine, for instance, Korea could be accused of enabling its arms exporters to profit while declining to directly provide lethal weapons to a country under attack. In regions like China, the Middle East and Africa, Seoul remains timid in joining other democratic nations in criticizing human rights abuses.<\/span><\/p>\n

ECONOMIC IMPACT<\/b><\/p>\n

On the economic front, the GPS vision has had much less impact. When former U.S. President Donald Trump withdrew the U.S. from the CPTPP in 2017, Japan was lauded for its leadership in <\/span>persisting<\/span><\/a> with the initiative. Yet South Korea has continued to vacillate over joining, apparently waiting to see when, if ever, the <\/span>U.S.<\/span><\/a> may change its mind. While Seoul dithers, other nations are acting.<\/span><\/p>\n

China<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Taiwan<\/span><\/a> and three other economies have submitted applications for CPTPP membership, while <\/span>the U.K.<\/span><\/a> became the CPTPP\u2019s first non-founding member. South Korea is a member of the <\/span>Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership<\/span><\/a>, a trade agreement with far less substance. But its reluctance to join the CPTPP relegates it to the sidelines in trade diplomacy, thereby missing a significant opportunity to realize its GPS ambitions.<\/span><\/p>\n

South Korea\u2019s hesitance mirrors the U.S. failure to devise an effective economic strategy in Asia and underlines its deference to the U.S. Although South Korea has aligned with the U.S.-led <\/span>Indo-Pacific Economic Framework<\/span><\/a>, it recognizes that the initiative\u2019s lack of market access and legally binding commitments fall short of Asian partners\u2019 expectations for meaningful economic cooperation.<\/span><\/p>\n

Beyond the security sphere, South Korea occasionally faces international criticism for \u201ctrophy hunting\u201d \u2014 the practice of hosting high-profile but low-impact events that can come off as promotional stunts. Yoon\u2019s eagerness for Busan to host the <\/span>2030 World Expo<\/span><\/a> and his efforts to enlist Korean business and cultural icons in the campaign can be seen in this context \u2014 a quixotic high-profile\/low-impact initiative.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

A night view of Seoul, April 29, 2019 | Image: Seoulinspired via Pixabay<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

THE PROGRESS SO FAR<\/b><\/p>\n

Yoon has made significant strides toward raising South Korea\u2019s international profile under his GPS vision, establishing partnerships beyond the Korean Peninsula and endorsing universal values.<\/span><\/p>\n

Challenging the Moon administration\u2019s view that robust ties with China and Russia are vital for Seoul to address the threat North Korea poses, Yoon has contributed to global security without compromising the security of the Korean Peninsula. In doing so, however, he has more distinctly aligned the ROK with the liberal democracies of the West, introducing three potential risks.<\/span><\/p>\n

The most pressing concern is China. Initially, Beijing seemed optimistic that South Korea might be amenable to Chinese diplomacy under the Yoon administration. However, as Yoon has adopted a <\/span>firmer stance<\/span><\/a> on the Taiwan issue in recent months, China has shifted toward a harder line \u2014 a move that may yield <\/span>serious repercussions<\/span><\/a> for South Korea.<\/span><\/p>\n

The second risk lies with the global South. Most of those nations are wary of taking sides amid rising tensions between Washington and Beijing. For Seoul to maintain its appeal to the global South, it must strike a balance between its Western-oriented interests and values.<\/span><\/p>\n

The final risk is embedded in the slogan itself. By aspiring to be a global pivotal state, the ROK is putting itself in the big league alongside the world\u2019s most influential nations. This might be an overreach. South Korea has achieved extraordinary success yet remains geographically small with a <\/span>declining population<\/span><\/a>. It was on the verge of joining the world\u2019s top 10 economies but has receded to 13th in <\/span>World Bank rankings<\/span><\/a> in the past two years.<\/span><\/p>\n

South Korea boasts considerable assets \u2014 it is unencumbered by a history of colonizing other nations, lies in a strategic location in Northeast Asia, possesses a robust military and arms industry and boasts coveted cultural, technological and investment capabilities.<\/span><\/p>\n

These characteristics serve as a solid foundation for a highly successful middle power and an increasingly influential democracy. However, whether this qualifies it as a global pivotal state remains to be seen.<\/span><\/p>\n

Inter-Korean & Foreign Relations<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

At the outset of his term, President Yoon Suk-yeol outlined his vision for South Korea as a \u201cglobal pivotal state\u201d (GPS). However, South Korea\u2019s absence from key groupings like the Quad, AUKUS and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) raises questions about how pivotal the country truly is in global affairs. This […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10207,"featured_media":2201830,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[28],"yoast_head":"\nSouth Korea\u2019s quest for global pivotal status: A leap or overreach? - KOREA PRO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2023\/07\/south-koreas-quest-for-global-pivotal-status-a-leap-or-overreach\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"South Korea\u2019s quest for global pivotal status: A leap or overreach? - KOREA PRO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"At the outset of his term, President Yoon Suk-yeol outlined his vision for South Korea as a \u201cglobal pivotal state\u201d (GPS). 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