{"id":2201659,"date":"2023-07-11T17:30:38","date_gmt":"2023-07-11T08:30:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2201659"},"modified":"2023-11-20T17:49:47","modified_gmt":"2023-11-20T08:49:47","slug":"south-koreas-tech-paradox-how-local-constraints-thwart-its-global-ambitions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2023\/07\/south-koreas-tech-paradox-how-local-constraints-thwart-its-global-ambitions\/","title":{"rendered":"South Korea\u2019s tech paradox: How local constraints thwart its global ambitions"},"content":{"rendered":"

While President Yoon Suk-yeol aspires for South Korea to become a \u201cglobal pivotal state,\u201d the country lags significantly behind in navigation and location-based technology, posing a surprising and inconvenient reality for tourists and tech companies alike.<\/span><\/p>\n

Each year, a growing number of tourists are taken aback by the difficulty of utilizing popular services like Google Maps and Apple Maps for navigation within the country. The challenge has endured for years, all under the pretext of \u201cnational security.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

These constraints aren\u2019t a recent phenomenon. Google has been contending with South Korean authorities for <\/span>over a decade<\/span><\/a> for permission to utilize the high-resolution map data that domestic providers can access. Likewise, Apple recently lost a bid to leverage the same data, again on <\/span>national security grounds<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

As technology advances and app services evolve, the breadth of location-driven products and services impacted by these restrictions broadens. Yet the contributing factors stem from specific South Korean legislation, not necessarily the global tech landscape.<\/span><\/p>\n

For instance, the Apple AirTag, designed to track items that owners frequently misplace, faces <\/span>limited restrictions<\/span><\/a> in approximately a dozen countries. South Korea appears to be the only country where AirTag functionality is fully disabled. However, Samsung\u2019s Galaxy Tag, which offers a similar service, is fully functional.<\/span><\/p>\n

Local legislation<\/span><\/a> is at the heart of the disputes concerning maps and navigation. South Korean laws that restrict the export of high-resolution map data and mandate the obfuscation of military-related locations directly conflict with Google and Apple\u2019s server arrangements and map-related policies.<\/span><\/p>\n

But experts doubt that South Korean national security concerns justify impeding the functionality of apps and systems that have become global standards.<\/span><\/p>\n

IS IT REALLY ABOUT SECURITY?<\/b><\/p>\n

The impasse between international tech giants and South Korean authorities lies in two pieces of national legislation.<\/span><\/p>\n

The first is the <\/span>Act on the Establishment and Management of Spatial Data<\/span><\/a>, which mandates that South Korean map data cannot be taken \u201cabroad\u201d without prior approval from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLINT). This regulation poses a significant challenge for international tech companies like Google and Apple, which typically process map data in overseas data centers.<\/span><\/p>\n

The same act further stipulates that published data should exclude any \u201cmatters … that are likely to inflict harm to national security.\u201d This statute is closely related to the second law, the <\/span>Promotion of Military Bases and Installations Act<\/span><\/a>. This legislation details which military installations should be omitted from maps, requiring tech companies like Google and Apple to censor maps and satellite imagery of many sites within South Korea.<\/span><\/p>\n

Given these stipulations, MOLINT denied <\/span>Google\u2019s latest request<\/span><\/a> in 2016 to process ROK map data abroad. Apple also faced rejection for a similar request in <\/span>March<\/span><\/a>. Consequently, due to their dependence on much lower resolution international grade map data, both companies can only offer users in South Korea a significantly stripped-down version of map and navigation functionality.<\/span><\/p>\n

When asked about its stance on rejecting Apple and Google\u2019s requests, MOLINT told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> it had concerns over these providers\u2019 ability to guarantee the security of its map data.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAfter collecting opinions from relevant ministries and conducting a security review, the export was denied due to concerns over national security threats and leakage issues related to overseas servers,\u201d MOLINT told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

MOLINT also confirmed that it had previously blocked Google from exporting high-resolution map data for similar national security reasons. It also noted that the U.S. firm had not submitted a new request since Nov. 2016.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, high-resolution maps, traffic and navigation data are readily accessible through Korean apps.<\/span><\/p>\n

While South Korean apps might adhere to regulations requiring them to obfuscate sensitive military sites, an ironic twist emerges: Google and Apple publish high-resolution satellite imagery of South Korea from overseas servers that could reveal those exact locations and coordinates to an informed adversary. Even so, they aren\u2019t allowed to leverage this satellite imagery to provide their map-based navigation.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c[There is] no security benefit whatsoever,\u201d Kim Kee-chang, a law professor at Korea University, told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>. \u201cThis is a very bogus rationale.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

ROK Army’s helicopters, July 27, 2022 | Image: ROK Ministry of National Defense via Facebook<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Kim challenged the credibility of security concerns linked to North Korea or similar rationales, stating that map data is \u201cnon-sensitive\u201d and should be \u201caccessible regardless of location.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhether you are in California, Dubai, or North Korea, you can easily access map data online through platforms like Kakao Map,\u201d Kim noted, highlighting the readily available data on Korean platforms.<\/span><\/p>\n

The real impetus for South Korean authorities to encase domestic map data in such heavy international regulations might lie in the ROK\u2019s <\/span>Spatial Data Industry Promotion Act<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Introduced in 2019, this legislation was designed to promote the South Korean use of \u201cprocessed spatial data.\u201d It offers financial assistance and support to Korean market players, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises. Concurrently, it even justifies the existence of a \u201cSpatial Information Industry Promotion Institute\u201d to promote domestic players.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe only rationale is that domestic players want a protected market,\u201d Kim, the law professor, told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>. \u201cThere is no other reason.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Korean companies like Naver and Kakao desire a \u201cwalled garden\u201d and do not wish to face \u201ccompetition from Google,\u201d Kim added.<\/span><\/p>\n

While such explicit domestic market protectionism would be unlawful if overtly communicated by the ROK government, Kim isn\u2019t alone in his assessment of South Korea\u2019s stance on sharing map data.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAt a time where big tech firms already monopolize global data, data monopoly will only intensify if Korea exports its map data which is its digital strategic asset,\u201d Kim In-hyun, CEO of the Korea Spatial Information & Communication \u2014 a private organization that collaborates with the ROK on various mapping-related projects \u2014 <\/span>said<\/span><\/a> in March.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, MOLINT asserted to <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> that its policies were driven only by national security concerns.<\/span><\/p>\n

IS IT REALLY ABOUT PRIVACY?<\/b><\/p>\n

Apple\u2019s troubles with its AirTag functionality in South Korea appear to lie within the country\u2019s intricate Act on the Protection and Use of Location Information.<\/span><\/p>\n

While Apple didn\u2019t provide a comment to <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> to clarify why it can\u2019t offer lost device retrieval services in South Korea, it\u2019s worth noting that the company\u2019s global commitment to consumer privacy appears to be at odds with South Korean laws.<\/span><\/p>\n

The legislation stipulates that firms offering such services must register with South Korean authorities and agree to provide location-based data, such as GPS coordinates, to government authorities across various scenarios.<\/span><\/p>\n

Additionally, it obliges data handlers to record automatically and store location information in a designated information system. It even permits officials from the Korea Communications Commission to inspect the \u201cpreservation status of records.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

However, Apple\u2019s <\/span>guidance<\/span><\/a> for law enforcement agencies suggests that sharing location data with government agencies would be unfeasible.<\/span><\/p>\n

To illustrate, only a customer can initiate Apple\u2019s device retrieval function. Moreover, such information is stored on each device, and Apple cannot extract this data. Finally, Apple clarifies that location data is purely customer-facing, noting, \u201cApple does not have content of maps or alerts transmitted through the service.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Apple maintains that the only data it can share with law enforcement is \u201cconnection log\u201d data for the past 25 days. This offering falls markedly short of what South Korean legislation requires.<\/span><\/p>\n

MOVING AHEAD<\/b><\/p>\n

The perception that the ROK\u2019s complex terrain of regulations and security concerns are used to veil protecting domestic firms could also lead to various pushback, such as investment hurdles and litigation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Not only does it create significant friction for the <\/span>17.5 million visitors<\/span><\/a> thought to have traveled to South Korea in 2019, but it also contradicts the Presidential Offices\u2019 goal to make the ROK a \u201cglobal pivotal state\u201d and hopes for Busan to host the World Expo in 2030.<\/span><\/p>\n

Asked to explain the apparent contradiction, the ROK presidential office told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i>: \u201cWe do not have anything to share with you.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Business & Economy<\/span><\/a>Technology & Cyber<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

While President Yoon Suk-yeol aspires for South Korea to become a \u201cglobal pivotal state,\u201d the country lags significantly behind in navigation and location-based technology, posing a surprising and inconvenient reality for tourists and tech companies alike. Each year, a growing number of tourists are taken aback by the difficulty of utilizing popular services like Google […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10207,"featured_media":2201672,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[24,29],"class_list":["post-2201659","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis","tag-business-economy","tag-technology-cyber"],"yoast_head":"\nSouth Korea\u2019s tech paradox: How local constraints thwart its global ambitions - KOREA PRO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2023\/07\/south-koreas-tech-paradox-how-local-constraints-thwart-its-global-ambitions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"South Korea\u2019s tech paradox: How local constraints thwart its global ambitions - KOREA PRO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"While President Yoon Suk-yeol aspires for South Korea to become a \u201cglobal pivotal state,\u201d the country lags significantly behind in navigation and location-based technology, posing a surprising and inconvenient reality for tourists and tech companies alike. 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