{"id":2200573,"date":"2023-03-29T19:14:18","date_gmt":"2023-03-29T10:14:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2200573"},"modified":"2023-04-05T16:07:48","modified_gmt":"2023-04-05T07:07:48","slug":"how-the-defense-industry-helps-support-south-koreas-foreign-policy-goals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2023\/03\/how-the-defense-industry-helps-support-south-koreas-foreign-policy-goals\/","title":{"rendered":"How the defense industry helps support South Korea\u2019s foreign policy goals"},"content":{"rendered":"

Arms sales mark the latest example of South Korean defense diplomacy, allowing it to form closer relations with countries that share its values.<\/span><\/p>\n

For example, defense minister Lee Jong-sup <\/span>met<\/span><\/a> with his Vietnamese counterpart, Phan Van Giang, on March 28 and discussed bilateral defense industrial cooperation and naval consultations. Lee invited Phan to the South Korean <\/span>defense trade show<\/span><\/a> this October.<\/span><\/p>\n

This visit echoes Lee\u2019s <\/span>trip<\/span><\/a> to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Poland last month, which centered around arms exports.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Considering recent trends, it is no surprise that the Yoon administration actively promotes defense exports. In 2022, South Korean arms sales <\/span>reached<\/span><\/a> $17.3 billion, launching the country as a significant player in the global arms market. It was a milestone figure for a country whose annual defense exports <\/span>hovered<\/span><\/a> between $100 million to $200 million at the beginning of the 21st century.<\/span><\/p>\n

Arms exports have been integral to South Korea\u2019s national security interests. But they may exhibit newfound relevance in the ROK\u2019s statecraft as the Yoon administration explicitly links arms sales to its <\/span>values-based foreign policy<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

A push to distribute arms to seemingly as many partners as possible could lead to trouble with some of South Korea\u2019s powerful neighbors.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018ECONOMIC LIFELINE\u2019<\/b><\/p>\n

The defense minister <\/span>discussed<\/span><\/a> opportunities for joint weapons development with his UAE counterpart based on the <\/span>arms cooperation memorandum<\/span><\/a> signed during the January summit between President Yoon Suk-yeol and UAE President Sheikh Mohamed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

While in Abu Dhabi, Lee also <\/span>attended<\/span><\/a> the International Defense Exhibition (IDEX), the largest defense expo in the Middle East. While there, he showcased the South Korean defense industry\u2019s capacity.<\/span><\/p>\n

In Poland, Lee reviewed the progress on the landmark $12 billion arms deal <\/span>signed<\/span><\/a> on the sidelines of the <\/span>2022 NATO summit<\/span><\/a>. He also <\/span>announced<\/span><\/a> that Seoul and Warsaw would hold joint exercises, demonstrating how arms sales can generate close military cooperation and tie South Korea\u2019s defense industrial base to global security challenges.<\/span><\/p>\n

These recent deals reflect decades of engineering and resource development in the ROK arms industry. Under the \u201c<\/span>self-sufficient defense<\/span><\/a>\u201d doctrine of the 1960s, South Korea aimed to develop weapons indigenously to free its defense needs from <\/span>international political constraints<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But as production capacity exceeded domestic needs, South Korea had to look abroad to sustain its defense industrial base.<\/span><\/p>\n

In 2006, the Roh Moo-hyun administration <\/span>established<\/span><\/a> the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) to manage the arms industry centrally and improve its <\/span>global<\/span><\/a> competitiveness<\/span><\/a>. President Park Geun-hye used foreign visits to the <\/span>Philippines<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Peru<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>Poland<\/span><\/a> to announce new arms deals.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

President Moon Jae-in followed suit with arms sales announcements in <\/span>Australia<\/span><\/a> and the <\/span>UAE<\/span><\/a>, referring to weapons export as a \u201c<\/span>future economic lifeline<\/span><\/a>\u201d for the South Korean economy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Arms sales diplomacy continues under the current government as Yoon <\/span>declared<\/span><\/a> South Korea\u2019s ambitions to become the world\u2019s fourth largest arms seller by 2027. Yoon notably <\/span>raised<\/span><\/a> the <\/span>Reciprocal Defense Procurement Agreement<\/span><\/a> during U.S. President Joe Biden\u2019s visit to South Korea to help South Korean firms <\/span>enter<\/span><\/a> the expansive U.S. arms procurement market.<\/span><\/p>\n

The National Assembly is also taking cue: a bipartisan group of lawmakers <\/span>visited<\/span><\/a> Norway and Estonia last November to promote South Korean weapons.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

ROK Defense Minister Lee Jong-sup meets meets Vietnamese Defense Minister Phan Van Giang, March 28, 2023 | Image: Facebook<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

BEYOND SALES DIPLOMACY<\/b><\/p>\n

In pursuing arms sales diplomacy, successive South Korean administrations have considered diplomacy primarily as a means to strike arms sales and achieve a self-sufficient national defense policy. For instance, Yoon <\/span>stated<\/span><\/a> that his government would \u201cput the economy and exports at the center of all diplomacy.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

However, South Korea may increasingly see its defense industrial base as a potent foreign policy tool just as the Yoon administration adopts an ambitious foreign policy agenda. Under the Indo-Pacific frame, Yoon asserted South Korea\u2019s ambitions to become what he calls a \u201c<\/span>global pivotal state<\/span><\/a>\u201d that takes on regional and global leadership roles based on liberal democratic values.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Yoon administration has couched arms sales as part of its objectives in the Indo-Pacific strategy. To that aim, Yoon held a defense export strategy meeting last November. While <\/span>stressing<\/span><\/a> the need for arms sales to subsidize research and development costs, Yoon <\/span>noted<\/span><\/a> that arms exports \u201cstrengthen solidarity with like-minded countries\u201d and \u201cbroaden the horizons of security.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Defense minister Lee echoed that sentiment when he <\/span>remarked<\/span><\/a> to his Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) counterparts last November that arms sales will \u201ccontribute to the peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The ROK\u2019s arms diplomacy has also allowed Seoul to engage in riskier regions at its own pace. During his Poland trip, Lee <\/span>stated<\/span><\/a> that South Korea and Poland \u201cformed a consensus on aid to Ukraine,\u201d citing \u201ccommon values of freedom, human rights and the rule of law.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

While South Korea will likely <\/span>resist<\/span><\/a> sending direct lethal aid, Seoul may <\/span>elect<\/span><\/a> not to vigorously enforce export control measures or <\/span>look the other way<\/span><\/a> as its weapons components make their way to Kyiv.<\/span><\/p>\n

Further, weapons sales appear to lead to security cooperation with countries with shared liberal democratic values. <\/span>Joint military exercises<\/span><\/a> with Poland using South Korean weapons resulted from Seoul\u2019s landmark $12 billion sale last year. Similarly, South Korean-made planes <\/span>participated<\/span><\/a> in Australia\u2019s large-scale air combat exercise last year.<\/span><\/p>\n

Meanwhile, the ROK signed a joint development agreement of the <\/span>KF-21<\/span><\/a> \u2014 its so-called 4.5 generation fighter jet \u2014 with Indonesia in 2010, building on top of previous sales of <\/span>trainer aircraft<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

But all of this defense trade is about more than just dollars and cents. These trade pacts bind South Korea to other countries with multi-year commitments. Weapons delivery schedules span <\/span>several years<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>maintenance<\/span><\/a> of weapons systems over their decades-long lifespan further demand close bilateral ties.<\/span><\/p>\n

On top of that, South Korean arms deals often include generous <\/span>technology transfer agreements<\/span><\/a> that allow recipient states to produce South Korean weapons under license. These contracts necessitate long-term close bilateral partnership and trust.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Republic of the Philippines Navy ship BRP Jose Rizal, which was built by\u00a0Hyundai Heavy Industries, takes part in RIMPAC 2020, Aug. 21, 2020 | Image: Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

GLOBAL PIVOTAL STATE<\/b><\/p>\n

Arms exports allow the Yoon administration to realize its ambitions for substantive regional and global engagement as a global pivotal state. But they have already created irritants in South Korea\u2019s foreign relations due to disputes over contractual obligations with its defense partners, including <\/span>Australia<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>Indonesia<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Marrying foreign policy to arms sales carries even more significant risks as it raises scrutiny about South Korea\u2019s defense industry and arms trade.<\/span><\/p>\n

The proposed \u201c<\/span>arms export control tower<\/span><\/a>\u201d within the Office of National Security \u2014 the ROK\u2019s equivalent of the U.S. National Security Council \u2014 that will oversee the inter-agency process for defense exports may help South Korea weigh larger geopolitical risks. However, it can only do so much.<\/span><\/p>\n

For instance, Russia may resume directly exporting weapons to North Korea in retaliation against indirect \u2014 or perhaps direct \u2014 efforts to provide lethal aid to Ukraine. And arms sales to Australia and ASEAN states may implicate South Korea in South China Sea disputes with China. Beijing is likely irritated with Seoul\u2019s cooperation with the <\/span>Philippine<\/span><\/a> and Vietnamese navies.<\/span><\/p>\n

For now, however, South Korea\u2019s arms industry is booming. Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine has depleted weapons stockpiles across countries, and South Korea\u2019s relevance has <\/span>increased<\/span><\/a> as the global arms market <\/span>faces<\/span><\/a> fresh demand.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Arms sales provide a new window into South Korea\u2019s statecraft as it strives to become a significant global player, but new challenges await.<\/span><\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Defense & Security<\/span><\/a>Inter-Korean & Foreign Relations<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Arms sales mark the latest example of South Korean defense diplomacy, allowing it to form closer relations with countries that share its values. For example, defense minister Lee Jong-sup met with his Vietnamese counterpart, Phan Van Giang, on March 28 and discussed bilateral defense industrial cooperation and naval consultations. Lee invited Phan to the South […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10407,"featured_media":2200567,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[26,28],"class_list":["post-2200573","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis","tag-defense-security","tag-inter-korean-foreign-relations"],"yoast_head":"\nHow the defense industry helps support South Korea\u2019s foreign policy goals - KOREA PRO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2023\/03\/how-the-defense-industry-helps-support-south-koreas-foreign-policy-goals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How the defense industry helps support South Korea\u2019s foreign policy goals - KOREA PRO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Arms sales mark the latest example of South Korean defense diplomacy, allowing it to form closer relations with countries that share its values. 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