{"id":2200397,"date":"2023-03-14T20:56:48","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T11:56:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/?p=2200397"},"modified":"2023-04-05T16:07:57","modified_gmt":"2023-04-05T07:07:57","slug":"why-more-and-more-south-koreans-are-choosing-not-to-have-children","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2023\/03\/why-more-and-more-south-koreans-are-choosing-not-to-have-children\/","title":{"rendered":"Why more and more South Koreans are choosing not to have children"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kim Bo-mi is 34 and single. She works at a public relations company in Seoul and enjoys vacationing overseas and learning painting, ceramics and tennis. She is satisfied with her lifestyle and doesn\u2019t want to have children.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt takes more than we can afford to provide a better life for our children\u2019s generation,\u201d Kim said. \u201cI don\u2019t see why I should give up the life I enjoy now by burdening myself with such high costs.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Korea\u2019s total fertility rate has plummeted to an all-time low, renewing concerns about the economic strain of population decline. The birth rate sank to 0.78, breaking its all-time low of 0.81 last year according to an <\/span>annual government report<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kim and others say the economic burden of child care, workplace conditions and changing family values are all significant factors in the sharp birthrate decline. Expensive housing, the growing population density in Seoul and its surrounding cities, a grim job market and persistent gender inequalities around housework and child care aggravate the situation.<\/span><\/p>\n

Among developed countries, Korea is the only one with a fertility rate below 1. The OECD average fertility rate was 1.59\u00a0 in 2020, twice as high as the Korean figure of 0.84. The second lowest, Italy, was notably higher, at <\/span>1.2<\/span><\/a> that same year.<\/span><\/p>\n

Experts told <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> that young people are making a \u201crational choice\u201d not to have children.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cResources are limited now that the country has entered a long-term low-growth era,\u201d said Jeon Young-soo, a demographic expert at Hanyang University. \u201cWhen they\u2019ve got nothing and no hopes of having more, starting a family to support is a risky bet.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Young South Koreans are increasingly shifting their focus to maximizing their own potential and opportunities, Jeon said. \u201cTheir circumstantial judgment are sharper. They don\u2019t bet on future uncertainty or seek interest through the family but rather maximize the benefit that they have now,\u201d he said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

UNBEARABLE COSTS\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Like Kim, Park Min-cheol, a 42-year-old factory worker in Gyeonggi Province, does not want to give up what he now has for an extra family member. He and his wife decided not to have kids because of concerns about maintaining financial stability.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAs a double-income household, we are doing all right now, but with a kid, I know for a fact that it will get extremely tight,\u201d he said. \u201cI also don\u2019t think my kid\u2019s life will be any better than mine under such circumstances. So why bother having one?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Many people see child care as a lifetime cost they may not be able to absorb. Part of this outlook is due to the Korean education system, which relies heavily on private cram schools in addition to the school curriculum.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Lee Eun-jin, a 41-year-old raising a seven-year-old boy, says she is overwhelmed by the cost of her child\u2019s private tutoring. She believes it is impossible to have a second child.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI sent my child to private academies for English, math, music and football, which cost roughly $1,200 a month,\u201d Lee said, adding these subject choices are common among her child\u2019s cohorts. \u201cThe cost doubles during school breaks as academies completely take up the role of the school.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Lee and her husband also spent tens of thousands of dollars to send her son to a private English-speaking academy before he started primary school, roughly equal to the average cost of university tuition fees.<\/span><\/p>\n

Such academies are highly sought after in Seoul and around the country. The education ministry reported that the number of so-called English preschools nationwide <\/span>increased<\/span><\/a> from 474 to 811, a 70% increase from five years ago.<\/span><\/p>\n

According to a recent <\/span>report<\/span><\/a> published by the Korean Educational Development Institute (KEDI), parents pay for private education because they feel anxious about their children not doing as well in school as their peers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

So they send their children to private academies to get ahead of others. Only 1.9% of parents said their children do not engage in private education, and 94.3% of those involved in private education found it a burden on the household, the report shows.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a fear of missing out, living in this society. It is natural for any parent to make sure their kids have access to education resources,\u201d said Yeon Kyu-heon, a 34-year-old working at an automotive manufacturing company.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Yeon does not mind remaining single with no kids. \u201cI feel defeated facing the child-raising reality,\u201d he said. \u201cThat I need to buy a house to prepare for marriage does not help either.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Building full of private academies, Jan. 2005 | Image: Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

POPULATION DENSITY<\/b><\/p>\n

One reason for rising child care costs is that demand outstrips supply, experts say. <\/span>More than half<\/span><\/a> of South Korea\u2019s 52 million people live in or around the Seoul metropolitan area, creating a practical city-state that struggles to meet its population\u2019s demands.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cho Young-tae, a professor of public health at Seoul National University (SNU) and the author of \u2018Population, Future, Coexistence\u2019 says the capital\u2019s population density leads to fierce competition over limited resources and eventually deters them from having a family.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe physical density affects people psychologically, as pressure from competition catapults their level of anxiety. That is why the fertility rate is exceptionally low,\u201d Cho said.<\/span><\/p>\n

The number of babies born in South Korea last year was 249,000, down by almost half from a decade ago. A decrease in the population was recorded for the first time in 2020 and that trend will likely continue.<\/span><\/p>\n

The total population is predicted to decrease by 27%, from 52 million in 2022 to <\/span>38 million<\/span><\/a> by 2070. The rate at which the population is dwindling is so fast that South Korea could be the first advanced economy to see a working-age population decline rate of below 50%.<\/span><\/p>\n

Experts say these demographics severely threaten the country\u2019s vitality and hamper the national pension scheme, which depends on a stable number of taxpayers to support retirees.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

A mother and child, Feb. 25, 2016 | Image: Pexels<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

WORKPLACE, GENDER INEQUALITY<\/b><\/p>\n

Young women interviewed by <\/span>Korea Pro<\/span><\/i> see marriage and child care as being unfair to them when gender inequality is still prevalent in housework and child care. Those responsibilities could clash with their careers, they said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSo many female friends I know who got married tell me not to get married or have a child unless I can\u2019t bear the loneliness,\u201d said Yang Ji-yoon, a 38-year-old elementary school teacher. \u201cI haven\u2019t seen many dads mulling over how to help their child’s development or support their child’s studying. It\u2019s all on moms.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

South Korean employers penalize mothers and fathers for taking parental leave, even though both are legally entitled to it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI saw so many people tiptoeing around their bosses and colleagues when taking their time off,\u201d said Shin Hye-jeong, a 39-year-old financial researcher. \u201cPeople don\u2019t want to have a colleague who has child care duties as their teammate, and managers consider it a headache to find replacements for those who take child care leave.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Lee Hoe-sik, a 40-year-old banker, said he had not taken his one-year paternity leave, worried doing so could affect his job.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cAll of my male colleagues I know who took parental leave missed out on promotions after they got back to work. So I had to hang in there without taking one,\u201d Lee said, adding his absence from child care led his wife to quit her job. \u201cI wish it was compulsory to take paternity leave.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The government has spent vast amounts to boost birth rates and mitigate child care costs \u2014 a total of 280 trillion won ($215 billion) over the past 16 years, according to the 2021 National Assembly Budget Office <\/span>report<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The policies include increasing child care allowance and salary during child care leave, cutting working hours for parents, increasing the number of publicly-funded nurseries and supporting fertility treatments.<\/span><\/p>\n

President Yoon Suk-yeol also attracted voters with a pledge to give monthly handouts of up to $770 (1 million won) to parents starting in 2024.<\/span><\/p>\n

Many young voters, however, remain skeptical.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s somewhat preposterous that their solution is to hand out more money because of high child care costs,\u201d said Kim Bo-mi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCreating a sound environment where parents do not have to pour money into their child’s private education makes more sense.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Culture & Society<\/span><\/a>Domestic Politics<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kim Bo-mi is 34 and single. She works at a public relations company in Seoul and enjoys vacationing overseas and learning painting, ceramics and tennis. She is satisfied with her lifestyle and doesn\u2019t want to have children. \u201cIt takes more than we can afford to provide a better life for our children\u2019s generation,\u201d Kim said. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10407,"featured_media":2200402,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[25,27],"class_list":["post-2200397","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis","tag-culture-society","tag-domestic-politics"],"yoast_head":"\nWhy more and more South Koreans are choosing not to have children - KOREA PRO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2023\/03\/why-more-and-more-south-koreans-are-choosing-not-to-have-children\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Why more and more South Koreans are choosing not to have children - KOREA PRO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kim Bo-mi is 34 and single. 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