{"id":2199957,"date":"2023-01-26T10:47:33","date_gmt":"2023-01-26T10:47:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nknews.org\/koreapro\/?p=2199957"},"modified":"2023-04-05T16:10:17","modified_gmt":"2023-04-05T07:10:17","slug":"why-south-koreas-18-month-parental-leave-is-unlikely-to-reverse-fertility-woes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2023\/01\/why-south-koreas-18-month-parental-leave-is-unlikely-to-reverse-fertility-woes\/","title":{"rendered":"Why South Korea\u2019s 18-month parental leave is unlikely to reverse fertility woes"},"content":{"rendered":"

South Korea made international headlines this month when the labor ministry announced a new 18-month parental leave policy \u2014 the longest parental leave in the world.<\/span><\/p>\n

Though this new scheme is aimed at increasing fertility rates, it fails to address the underlying factors driving South Korean women not to have children \u2014 primarily <\/span>conditions in the labor market, the financial situation of families, and unequal distribution of unpaid care work<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Further, this six-month increase to the previous 52-week policy will be unpaid and only available to full-time, dual-income heterosexual couples. <\/span>As a result, it is unlikely this newly announced parental leave policy will be successful in its goal of increasing the country\u2019s birth rate.<\/span><\/p>\n

MISSING THE MARK<\/b><\/p>\n

Experts project the <\/span>ROK\u2019s fertility rate<\/span><\/a> \u2014 the average <\/span>number of children a woman will have in her lifetime <\/span>\u2014<\/span> to slip below 0.79 in 2023. Countries need a fertility rate of 2.1 to maintain a stable population size without migration. South Korea is far below that rate and officially hit the <\/span>population death cross<\/span><\/a> (more deaths than births) in 2020.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

According to the International Labor Organization, unpaid leave does little to improve gender equality or fertility rates. For a policy to be transformative, parents must receive at least<\/span> 67% of their wages<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

South Korea\u2019s falling fertility rate is more acutely linked to barriers to women\u2019s economic empowerment and the burden of unpaid care work. Korean women have the <\/span>highest educational attainment level<\/span><\/a> among OECD countries, yet they are <\/span>underrepresented in management and leadership <\/span>across nearly all sectors<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

To compound the issue, South Korea has <\/span>the highest gender wage gap<\/span><\/a> among OECD countries. Women earn 64.6% of their male equivalents\u2019 income, and their labor force participation rate is 53% compared to men\u2019s 72%. <\/span>These unequal outcomes in the labor market result from a range of discriminatory factors, including unequal responsibilities for unpaid care work, all of which influence choices about having children.<\/span><\/p>\n

South Korea is a<\/span> traditionally patriarchal society<\/span><\/a> where the <\/span>burden of care<\/span><\/a> usually <\/span>falls on women<\/span><\/a>. A generation ago, a typical family <\/span>consisted of a working<\/span> father and a stay-at-home mother. Today, living costs have made it financially strenuous for single-income families to thrive. Additionally, South Korean work culture has made raising children an arduous task for dual-income families, given the legislated 52-hour work week could increase to a <\/span>69-hours<\/span><\/a> under the Yoon administration.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The ad hoc solution has been for women to take a break in their careers to take on childcare duties and then return to the workforce. However, women who take child-related career breaks are often unable to get rehired.<\/span><\/p>\n

A 2022 chart from the <\/span>Korean Economically Active Population Survey<\/span><\/a> showed that Korean women\u2019s economic participation peaks in their 20s with around 75% participation in the economy, outpacing male participation rates. However, that figure drops to 57% when they reach their 30s and does not recover throughout their lifetimes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Parental leave policies and programs to help women get back into the formal work sector should demonstrate a healthy rebound in participation rates, but that is not the case for South Korean women. Instead, they are waiting longer to have children or choosing not to have any at all, increasing their labor force participation rates as the fertility rate continues to decline.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"

Data showing female participation in the workforce by age from the 2022 Economically Active Population Survey | Image: Statistics Korea<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

PARENTAL LEAVE IN SOUTH KOREA<\/b><\/p>\n

The South Korean government has taken steps to mitigate discriminatory gender practices against parents in the workplace. It has done so with monthly childcare subsidies, return-to-work programs for mothers who take child-related care breaks, and robust parental leave policies to incentivize men to share the burden of care work.<\/span><\/p>\n

But after spending over <\/span>$200 billion <\/span><\/a>to boost fertility, the ROK\u2019s results are mediocre.<\/span><\/p>\n

The 52-week parental leave policy is funded by the Employment Insurance Fund, a government fund to which employees and companies contribute. But it is important to note that Korea has a narrow legal definition of families, which impacts who is eligible to receive childcare-related benefits.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

To<\/span> qualify<\/span><\/a>, one must be a heterosexual couple or a single parent who maintains full-time employment in the formal sector and has given birth to or adopted one or more children under the age of twelve.<\/span><\/p>\n

The payment scheme is not exactly straightforward. Most eligible employed couples taking concurrent full-time leave receive three months at 80% wages, capped at $1,218 per month. Afterward, they receive nine months of leave at 50% of their wages, capped at $974 per month, for a total of 52 weeks of paid leave. There are <\/span>additional rules<\/span><\/a> for parents taking part-time leave.<\/span><\/p>\n

Then there are so-called daddy months for couples taking <\/span>consecutive leave<\/span><\/a>. The first parent takes their initial three months at 80% of wages. Then, when the second parent subsequently takes their initial three months, they will receive 100% of their wages, capped at $2,030 per month.<\/span><\/p>\n

Eligible <\/span>single parents<\/span><\/a> t<\/span>aking leave will receive 100% of their wages for their first three months, 80% for the next three months and 50% for the remaining six months.<\/span><\/p>\n

MAINTAINING THE STATUS QUO<\/b><\/p>\n

In 2021, <\/span>110,555 people<\/span><\/a> took parental leave in Korea, 26% of whom were fathers \u2014 a 195% increase since 2007. Still, only <\/span>4.1%<\/span><\/a> of eligible South Korean men take time off work after their child is born. South Korea\u2019s parental policy may be influencing gender norms, but changes aren\u2019t happening fast enough to keep pace with falling birth rates.<\/span><\/p>\n

The new parental leave policy this year was announced two months before South Korea\u2019s four-year review by the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), during which time parental leave policies and population health are on the docket for review by member states.<\/span><\/p>\n

Although this policy grants South Korea the title of the longest parental leave policy in the world, that is all it does. In terms of feasibility, the new policy’s limited eligibility and unpaid aspect will make it financially impossible for most couples in Korea to utilize the extended six-month leave.<\/span><\/p>\n

As a result, it will most likely result in maintaining the status quo: one parent will stay in the workforce and the burden of care will fall exclusively on the other parent, likely the mother, due to the gender wage gap and the higher earning potential of fathers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Edited by John Lee<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Business & Economy<\/span><\/a>Culture & Society<\/span><\/a>Domestic Politics<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

South Korea made international headlines this month when the labor ministry announced a new 18-month parental leave policy \u2014 the longest parental leave in the world. Though this new scheme is aimed at increasing fertility rates, it fails to address the underlying factors driving South Korean women not to have children \u2014 primarily conditions in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10407,"featured_media":2199959,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[24,25,27],"class_list":["post-2199957","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis","tag-business-economy","tag-culture-society","tag-domestic-politics"],"yoast_head":"\nWhy South Korea\u2019s 18-month parental leave is unlikely to reverse fertility woes - KOREA PRO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/koreapro.org\/2023\/01\/why-south-koreas-18-month-parental-leave-is-unlikely-to-reverse-fertility-woes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Why South Korea\u2019s 18-month parental leave is unlikely to reverse fertility woes - KOREA PRO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"South Korea made international headlines this month when the labor ministry announced a new 18-month parental leave policy \u2014 the longest parental leave in the world. 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